cengjiebagongmingtanxiaoshou。
jiangshujutianrubiaogezhong；C、gaibiangoumadegeshuheweizhi，
yizhi：a.changwenxia，cusuanheNH3H2Odedianlipinghengchangshujunwei1.74105；
jie：（1）jianyanzhuangzhideqimixingdefangfa：xianguanbizhishuijiaa，
huweichenzhuoyishengqing，churanfenhuagaoxiacheng。tianzhengdiyuqundongmeng，
shuipingfangxiangyou：lv0t，
chengxiangjuminshourubizhideshichengzhenjuminderenjunchunshouruyunongcunjuminderenjunchunshouruxiangchu，biaogezhongkeyikandao，wunianlaichengzhenjuminshourubidesuoxiao，shuomingxiangcunfazhanzhengzaiganzhuichengshi，chengxiangzhijiandefazhanchajuzaisuoxiao，tixianlewoguozaicujinchengxiangquyuxietiaofazhanfangmianqudedechengji。
yijuyuanzigeshushouhengkezhi：SiHCl3yuNH3fanyingshengchengchanwuchuledanhuaguiwai，
youcikedeS1515a1d15(a114)0、S1616a1d16(a115)0，
bingqijianshuaiye，piaoranshiwoshen。ouchengfengyouyun，chuluodiwuchen。
suoyihuaweizhijiaozuobiaofangchengweix2y22x0，ji(x1)2y21.
D.tianzhujiaohuizishendegaige
bentizhuyaokaocha
zongshang，manzu“daofu”bianhuan.
zhumingITbokehongbopingshushuo。
e.shuizhengqiyiganbingweihexinningjiechengyudi
gexiangyaotingyaofeifuweilaichi。
B.dianCsuoshirongyezhong：c(K)c(HR)c(H2R)c(R2)
【zhongnandianfenxi】
jie：duishubaoshoulifenxikezhi，
jianshaoshehuibuwenmingxingwei，jiuyaojiansheshehuizhuyihexinjiazhitixi、peiyuhejianxingshehuizhuyihexinjiazhiguan，conghongyangzhonghuachuantongmeide，jiaqiangsixiangdaodejianshe，zaishehuishijianzhongzhuiqiugenggaodesixiangdaodemubiao，tigaorenmindedaodesuzhi，jianshewenmingshehui。
dianAdezhijiaozuobiaowei（0，2）.
suoyiqutu、yuchi，youchoudieryuanqingxinlv；mazhou、liuji，zishuyuanerzuweijunheng。
C、D、dangzhijiangshengdeyouduanyixiangBdian，shengzijiajiaobianda，yincishengzilalijiangbianda，guxuanxiangCDcuowu。
guCzhengque；D、bdianKw1012，
【zhishidian】『zhouchangderenshi』
zhurenpenxue，zuihouhaidezijibaozashangkou，tongshen！
miwuxuqingjia，chaoguiraobitan。danxinkonggongbei，xinzuojizhounan。
B.namixincailiaojishudeyingyong
yuerjiatiefanyingtuishai，
C、baohetansuannarongyeyexishouCO2，yinciyaochuquCO2qitizhonghunyoudeSO2yinggaiyongbaohedetansuanqingnarongye，Cbuzhengque；
yindunixiyadewanlong
gusuoqiuzhixianfangchengweiy(x4)jix2y40.
（1）youtukezhi，huanghefayuanyuqinghaishengbayankalashanmaibeilu，quzhedongliu，zhurubohai。qishangyouyuzhongyoufenjiedianshineimenggudehekou，zhongyouyuxiayoufenjiedianshihenanshengdetaohuayu。
meigerenzairengehefalvdiweishangdoushipingdengde，yaozuodaopingdengdairen
pinghengshitijifenshuyujiazhongxiangtong，
shizhongshitongyangdedongxi。
zhonghuarenmingongheguoguanfangmeitihelingdaorenzaitijiyugangaoduibishi，shiyong“neidi”erbuyong“dalu”；zaitijiyutaiwanduibishi，zejiaoshaoshiyong“neidi”ergengduoshiyong“dalu”huo“zhongguodalu”。
A.ouzhoudezhuangyuan
situdenichaxiudaoyuan1986
wuzetianrenyonglehenduoxianchenlaizhilitianxia，
ciwai，duiyushiminzhiyiweihejingshifanghuxingrucizhida，shizhufangbaozhangbanbiaoshi，zhuyaoshiyinweiciqianguojiaguidingdejingshifangmianjijiaoda，erjinliangnianchutaidexindejingshifangzhengcesuoxiaolehuxingmianji，erxianzaizaishoudejingshifangdaduoshiyiqiananzhaojiuguidingguihuashejide，suoyihuxingmianjichaobiao，budeburangshiminanshichangjiabuzumianji。
B.xinzhiCu(OH)2xuanzhuoye
rutu，ABCzhong，C90，ADshiBACdepingfenxian，DEAByudianE，dianFzaiACshang，BDDF，qiuzheng：CFEB.
rutu，zaiABCzhong，ACB90，ABC30，BC，zaisanjiaoxingneiwaquyigebanyuan（yuanxinOzaibianBCshang，banyuanyuAC，ABfenbiexiangqieyudianC，M，yuBCjiaoyudianC，N），jiangABCraoBCbiansuozaizhixianxuanzhuanyizhoudedaoyigexuanzhuanti.qiu：
jingzhengjiuyeguan
fanyinghourongyezaitongrueryanghuatanqitikeyoushengchengqingyanghualv，
shengxianminggumiao，jilvbingnianqin。zhoupochangyizhen，hupingzaojiancan。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
suoyizaiqiezhiqian，
dongfengkaidaochetonghua。youfengchubaoya。shouhuanweiyanshishuijia。suochuangjinxiusha。huanpeixiao，lingjinxie。lvyunshuangjiya。yangxiuwuxiantuopipa。xiaonianxuancaoya。
guBcuowu；C、jiasudushimiaoshusudubianhuakuaimande，
mubiao：wenhuashiyezhuyaozhuiqiujingshenxiaoyiheshehuixiaoyi；wenhuachanyezhuyaozhuiqiujiazhiyulirun。
douzaidaliangcaiyongP2Pdejishu，
jiarushimaoyanjiekuan，jiaochejinjiachengshishang；
dierxiaowencongfengjiannongyedetedian、yingxiangzhuoshoufenxigudaidexiaonongjingji。
yinyanxifangjiubuzhan，jiefayuanzuowanqixian。wodangpingshiyuyumu，kanjunfeishijimanzhan。
weihuminzutuanjieshiwomenmeigegongmindeyiwu
【tishi】『diyigezhengfangxingbeipingjunfencheng10fen，tusebufenzhanqizhongde6fen，yongxiaoshubiaoshishi『0.6』。』
B.xuqiuyingxiangshuiguodejiage
cailiaosanwomenguojia，guolideqiangruo、jingjifazhanhoujindedaxiao，yuelaiyuequjueyulaodongzhedesuzhi，qujueyuzhishifenzideshulianghezhiliang。
anyisilanjiaoli，meinian12yue10riweiguerbangjie。
shexianzhuhoudi，chengpingshengzhuxun。dongjunchaoeryue，nanpeiyongsanchen。
daan：C。jie：fushidushuwei25mL，zeliangtongneishijideyetitiji25mL；yangshidushuwei10mL，zeliangtongneishengyuyetideshijitiji10mL，suoyishijidaochuyetidetijixiaoyu25mL10mL15mL。guxuanC。
xuyaodeboliyiqiyouloudou、bolibang、shaobeideng，
jiaxiaozucede：fanyingqianyanghuatongdezhiliangm1g、yanghuatongfanyinghoushengyugutidezhiliangm2g、shengchengdanqizaibiaozhunzhuangkuangxiadetijiV1L。
shuiduiguangxiandepianzhebibolixiao。
ArenkouyinsuBdiliquhuafenyinsuCgoumaixinliyinsuDgoumaixingweiyinsu
guanrongcong。
（1）genjucailiaoyi，jiehesuoxuezhishi，fenxinanjingguominzhengfu19451948nianhuobigaigedebeijingheyingxiang。
yigelengzhuzhishaoyougemian，mianshuzuishaodelengzhuiyougedingdian，dingdianzuishaodelengtaiyoutiaoceleng
yaozhanyuanxiongkongzizhuan。shourangzhujunwuganjin，gongguibuqubuzhengxian。
dangdi11cishemenluokongzhihou，duyihefuladuodeliansebiandetieqing，qianzhehaiqinzizoudaoqiuyuanmianqianshuo：“meiyoujinqiuyongyuanwufaqudeshengli。”
【zhishidian】『xiaoshuchufa』
qinglaoshihuojiazhangbangmangjiandu
huaxueshiweiNaCl。
jiaqiyeyizhicongshiyiyanzhongguoshengdeputongpingbanbolishengchan，chanpinjiyayanzhong，jiagechixuzoudi。
（3）shiyanjieshuhoutongtonglianxiangdaoyaqiangzhishi，tichulexiamianlianggewenti，qingnibangzhutajieda（yixialiangkongjunxuantian“”“”huo“”）。
tuilizuogongdegonglv：
junzixindao，luanshiyongbao。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
sirenzhaoxiang。
qingkongxuanpei，qiuseqilinghu。jiridengsihui，yangcaishengwudou。
zhegeshuzhihenjiejindeyuanhengxingzhiliangbaifenbi。
B.guangdezheshe
siwupoweixi，zhongrenchushenqing。
zaijizuobiaoxi（，）（02）zhong，quxian2sinyucos1dejiaodiandejizuobiaowei.
“xuankongdecihuan”shiyanzhong，
shigeyinian，renbaojituanduihuawenxidechongzuzhenghe，yigaoyiduanluo，“jiwanchengleshangshuliangshangshigongsidagudongshanghaixinhuawentouziyouxiangongsi（shanghaixinhuawen）derenyuananzhi”。
zecanjiafanyingCOdewuzhidiliangwei1mol500.5mol，
yusasuoyifangcaoan，niaotiyunshuxiaocunpin。
B.chenzhongdidajileqingwangchaodetongzhi
bajiusixianshi，chunjiaohechuduo？
jie：（1）dangm1shi，zhixianABdefangchengweix1，
kanxiyang，zaiwomendezidianzhongyouyigetedingdedifang，jiushinagehedi。
youyinweiACBDqieBDDD1D，
jie：（1）youbanyuanCdejizuobiaofangchengwei2cos，[0，]，ji22cos，
rutusuoshi，
Nyuanzixingcheng3gegongjiajian，
nikanwolikaibudanmeiyouyingxianggujia，shenzhihuangeishengdadailailefeichangzhengmiandebaodao，dajiadourenweishengdachengshule，zheyangdeyulunwojuedefeichanghao。
【zhishidian】『chengfayuchufadehuniguanxi』
fuhewoguodefazhanyuguojialiyi，
【zhongnandianfenxi】
rongyedesuanxingyueruo，
（3）fenlishuiheqiyoudehunhewu；
guzhengquepHguanxiyinggaiwei：，
qiangxiangguanyu
yixiangongchengkaigongyu2002nian，jungongyu2004nian。
guDxiangcuowu。
tuozhan“liuqiuzuowei”（qiujinmijingmaolianxi、qiulianganzhijie“santong”、qiulvyoushuangxiangduijie、qiunongyequanmianhezuo、qiuwenhuashenrujiaoliu、qiuzaitipingtaijianshe），
baishebeihuajin，pingwulaiqufei。
houbaobeishixing，gaodizhendeyi。
（1）quanmiantigaokaifangxingjingjishuiping，tigaoguojichannenghezuozhiliangyushuiping，shiqichaozhequanfangwei、kuanlingyu、duocengcifazhan。
yizhijijindezhejialvyueda，zhezhijijinjiuyuepianyi，maizhezhijijinjiuyuehuasuan。
keyilinghuodixuanzejiuyechuangyefangshi。
jie：tongzhuzuyuansusuidianzicengshuzengjia，yuanzibanjingzengda，jinshuxingzengqiang，huanyuanxingzengqiang，danzhiyuqingqihuoshuifanyingdejuliechengduzhujianzengqiang，sizhongjinshuyushuifanyingzuijuliedeyingshiCs。
keweidongzheweizhidong，keweimouzheweizhimou，juntan、suierbuyouye，zhuhouchengkuanyan。
shishuichanbanzhurenliangweiquanbiaoshi，duichangjiangdaoyuyangzhijishudetansuojiangchixujinxing。
youyudajiangwurenjishuyugaoxinjishuchanye，chanpinmianxiangguojishichang，yincibujuzaicichubushiweileliyongguangkuodexiaofeishichang，guxiangcuowu；
kuangchanziyuanjunquziziranjie，shuyuziranziyuan；bufenkuangchanziyuannengtigongnengliang，shuyunengyuan；bufennengyuanzhijiequziziranjie，danyeyouxieyuanyurenleijiagong。
kedeOAEmianjiwei，
“fangzipinggujiamingxiandiyushichangjia，zenmehuimeiyourenjingpai。
lianggexiaoqiudetijiheV1V2(1323)12.
（2）wanghuomeitanzhezhonghuodongkenengduihaizideshenti、xinlizaochengshanghai。zhangshijianbangzaiyigegudingdejiazishang，haizimeiyouhuodongdeziyoukongjian，duishentizaochengshanghai，yerongyipibei；tongshibuguhaizixuqiu，yiweimanzudarendeyule，zaimouzhongchengdushang，duihaizishiyizhongcuican。duimeihaoshenghuodezhuiqiuhexiangwangB
jie：A、genjuhuahejiashengjiang，kezhifanyingzhongbeiyanghuadeyuansuyubeihuanyuandeyuansudoushidan，NF3jishiyanghuajiyoushihuanyuanji，guAcuowu；
gusuoqiumdequzhifanweishi（0，3].
【zhongpanqinlibingshi】
huobusiheluoke
yizhi：liangchengjianyuansujiandianfuxingchazhidayu1.7shi，xingchenglizijian，liangchengjianyuansujiandianfuxingchazhixiaoyu1.7shi，xingchenggongjiajian。
tidiaoxiezi，
（tian“suoxiao”、“fangda”huo“bubian”）
jicanyun、shengyupenglai，yeyingmengjian。
tushiweibeibanqiu，
yongjiareshijianchangduan，
sangongjiuqing
hanyangtiechang
（2）diyi，renzhenlvxingyiwu。miqielianxiqunzhong，jingchangtingquhefanyingrenminqunzhongdeyijianheyaoqiu。dier，zhengquexingshizhiquan。zairenmindaibiaodahuishangtongguofayan、biaojue、tichuyian，duizhengfujiguan、sifajiguandegongzuotichuzhixundeng，fanyingminyi。
（1）dang50MPadeyaqiangzuoyongyumianjiwei40cm2dehuosaishangshi，qiuyalidaxiao。
cailiaozhongweihongyangliangfengmeisu，jianshehexiejiayuan。moushikaizhanle“haitongqimengli”“chongyangjinglaoli”dengchuantongminsuhuodong，zheyihuodongchuanchengleyouxiudechuantongwenhua。“chengxi”shuofacuowu；gaizaoleyongsudeminzuwenhuashuofacuowu，minzuwenhuabushiyongsuwenhua；minzuwenhuazhideshiyouxiuwenhua。
（3）yangpinzhongandezhiliangfenshubiaodashiwei。
jidiyidianlinengAlK，
jiangciweizhoudenggusi
yaxingshiyezuoweishendatongdechongzufangheqianzaikonggugudong，zhengzaijijidiyuxiangguangefangjinxingxieshangtanpan，xunqiushendatongzuoweidanbaofangyudanbaoquanrendachenghejiedetujing，bingqieyouyaxingshiyehuoqitaxiangguanfangchengdanhejieanpaizhongguidingdesuoyouxuxiangdanbaoquanrenlvxingdeyiwu，congershishendatongzaiwuxuchengdanrenheyiwudeqingkuangxiamianchuqiduiwaidanbaozeren。
guBcuowu；C、yingaizulizizhijianbufanying，
zhehanmei，
jiajudangdishuituliushi，
D.huangdouzishenjiazhidedaxiaoqujueyugongnengdeduoshao
xinyinggelandefenjiekeshuoshisuoyoumeiguodiliquyuneizuimingquedeyigequyu。
chourisanshanyi，yuziwanxukui。jinlingyouxianguan，jishixundanti。
ju《guoyu》jizai，chunqiuzhanguoshiqi“zongmiaozhixiweiquanmuzhiqin”。zhezhongxianxianggeidangshishengchanfangshidailaidebianhuashi（）
ganhuangen
da：zhaozheyangjisuan，shengxiadehaiyao8tiancainengxiuwan。
xidicongyunzhi，xiulanglieduhuan。loutaishuzhanshui，ganganyuanchengshan。
qidianshuangmoubinraochan，zhangliubaixuezhanxiongqian。
jie：yinweidianzixianweijingsuoliyongdianziwuzhibodebochangbikejianguangduan，yinciburongyifashengmingxianyanshe，suoyiAzhengque，BCDcuowu。
woguonengyuangongxufangmianmeitan、tianranqidatigongxupingheng，erzhuyaoshishiyouziyuanyiyuanbunengmanzuguoneijianshexuyao。
jie：A、gutiranshaoguochengzhongzhuangtaifashenggaibian，bufenhuifaweiqiti，guAcuowu；
congershidibiaofenhuaweigegedilidai……zhexiedidaihuoduohuoshaoyuweiquanpingxing。
Dzhengque；guxuanA。
jie：gaifanyingwendububianshijiangrongqidetijikuodaweiyuanlaide10bei，Adezhuanhualvbufashengbianhua，shuomingfanyingqianhouqitidetijishibubiande，kezhia1；
womenhuibatafangdaogengdadefanweiqukan，
yinweiyouyiduigudianzidui，
shuyingzhan、hengxieqingqian。
buyiyibudaoxitian。
C.shizukepingjiemendishidaibachizhengquan
liangxiaochuhuting，jimuxiangqingming。haineifengkangri，tianbianjianshouxing。
zaijinxingguolv，
jie：gouchengrentixibaodejibenwuzhishidanbaizhi。guxuanA。
”jinguansanjiaozhoudiqudeliangshizaodaosunshi，danzhengfuyouzugoudedamichucun。
xiangxiang06nianjin1.86GHzdeE6300jiugeidajiadailaiduodadezhenhanba，
huyichangxinhuilingguan，zhiliujianghaidejiacan。
huaxueshiweiHClO4；jinshuxingyueqiang，
xiangguanshujuxianshi，gaizhiweirencaiquekouyida30wan，tongshiyouyurencaipeiyangtujingbujianquan，daozhizhezhongrencaigongxubupinghengdexianzhuangzaiweilai510neihaijiangchixu。
shuomingzuozhengji，
B.238shimingti，qieshijiamingti，gaixuanxiangmanzutiyi；
liangchengdadepianzhuanjiaoduxiao，
gaititanjiudewuliwentishi：xiangtongzhiliangdehaishuiheshazixireshengwenkuaimanshifoubutong？
jie：A、tongweisuyanjiuduixiangshiyuanzi，
junbuxingxiyiyou，jianshuiliuxizhongzhou？
tushiyishuguangcongkongqichuizhisherubolizhuannei，qinghuachuzheshuguangcongbolizhuanshechuhouzhesheguangxiandedazhiweizhi。
rutusuoshi，zhiliangweimdemukuaizaiyushuipingfangxiangchengjiaoxiexiangshangdelaliFzuoyongxiayanshuipingdimianyunsuhuadong，mukuaiyushuipingdimianzhijiandedongmocayinshuwei，yixiashuofazhongzhengquedeshi（）
qiangdiaotongguoneixinfanxingxiuyangqubawoli，
yinchuanliandianluzhongzongdianyadengyugefendianyazhihe，
balianhezuozhanzhihuirencaihegaocengcizhuanyejishurencaipeixuntuchuchulai，
wotingxiangshouzhegede，youshihouhaigentajiumougehuati，zhenglunyixia；huozhebatazhengzaikandehaoshuhaodietuijiangeiwo，hai“leling”wozaibokeshangxiexiaguanhougan。
haizhongyulonghesuowei。kouchuanqiweikongxianshi，shanzhongcaomuwuquanzhi。
jie：youyuwenduyidingsuoyizhetangderongjieduyidingbuhuigaibian，guDzhengque，danyouyuyuanrongyeshifoubaoheweizhi，suoyi5gzhetangshifourongjiewufapanduan，yejiushirongzhidizhiliang、rongzhidizhiliangfenshujirongyedezhiliangshifouhuifashengbianhuabunengqueding，guABCjuncuowu。guxuanD。
ruoa0，zeadepingfanggenshi.
D.zheshiyikedashu
yongzhiliudiandianjielvhuatongrongye，suoyongyiqiruxiatusuoshi。
zuoshikebanwubianhua，
guCcuowu；D、H2436kJmol495kJmol4463kJmol485kJmol，
xialiehuahewuzhong，huaxuejiandeleixinghefenzidejixing（jixinghuofeijixing）jiexiangtongdeshi（）
zongshangsuoshu，zaidianP（3，1）chuxiujianwenhuazhongxin，keshigaiwenhuazhongxindaosangejuminqude“Llujing”changduzhihezuixiao.
haiyangshiyongyueku
guAshuofazhengque；B、genjuhuaxueyuansuhanzimingchengdepianpangkebianbieyuansudezhonglei，
C.tixianlerenziwoyishidejuexing
3.pingzhi；nanbanqiuhaiyangmianjiguangda，ludishangdishiqifujiaoxiao，guqiwenfenbushouhailu、dixingyinsudeyingxiangxiao，zhuyaoshouweiduyinsuyingxiang，biaoxianshitongyiweixiandiqunianpingjunqiwenxiangchabuda，yincidengwenxiandazhiyuweixianpingxing；
zhengque；guandiancuowu，
D.disixiangxian
ziyueqian1200nianqi，annatuoliyahaiankaishiweixiladeheaiaoniyarensuojizhongdingju。
xialieguanyutanyuansudedanzhiheyanghuawudeshuofazhong，buzhengquedeshi（）
D.danningsuanzhongqingyuansudezhiliangfenshuzuixiao
youtigandongzhongshushuo：“weitianzishoumingyutian，tianxiashoumingyutianzi。”kezhi，tatichujunquanshenshoudesixiang，junzhudaibiaoshangtianxingshiquanli，yaoqiuchenminshuncong，gaibianlemengziquanjianjunzhubutingkeyilinglixinjundelilun。
（2）xiandazhijingguoqinlinghuaihe，shiwoguonanfanghebeifangdejiexian，cixianyibeigengdiyihandiweizhu，yinanzhuyaodeliangshizuowushishuidao。
yujiaao
huakaibanshanxiao，zhudongshucunhan。douquefanyimei，jingyuchudiaogan。
06nianshangwangdeshihourenshileyigenvhai。
D.yishangsanzhedoubuzhengque
D.zhangwoshihezijidexuexifangfa
D.qingchaojiaqiangduixizangdeguanxia
guanwagongpanqianniansi，shuikuoyunduokedaoxi。
jingjiancha，dianyuanzongkaiguanzhongloudianbaohuqizidongqieduanledianyuan。
ufeffshangufengxingcheng：baitianshanpobitonggaodudeshangushengwenkuai，qiliushangsheng，qiyadi，nuankongqiyanshanposhangsheng，xingchenggufeng。yewanshanpobitonggaodudeshangujiangwenkuai，qiliuxiachen，qiyagao，lengkongqiyanshanpoxiahua，xingchengshanfeng
jijilvxingtuijinshengtaiwenmingjianshedezhineng，zhuolituijinwuranfangzhi
shuangtianxiaojiao
youyindaiqingjing，weishiwoxinzhi。
kechubukanpinsongbie，wuduoqingxugengshangqing。
diyixingdierxing()，
herensi
daan：（1）chaicaoshiqi；huashinengyuanshiqi；duonengyuanjiegoushiqi；
jie：A、jiangtantouxiangxiayidongyiduanjuli，
【zhishidian】『hanshudezuizhi』
jieshoucaifangshi，yiweisijiwunaididuijizheshuo：“buchaozaiwomenchishenmea？
C.zhengzhilichangyingxianglishilijie
guBcuowu；C、dianshirentibixudeweiliangyuansu，
dangt0shi，biaoshiyitiaoshexian；dangt0shi，yebiaoshiyitiaoshexian；
xiaoliangfanfukaolvzhihou，xianglaoshishuolecishi，shiyinweipengyouzhijianxiangchuxuyaozhencheng、jianchiyuanze，bunengmangmubangzhuduifang，zheshiduiyouyifuzedetixian，yaoganyutichupengyoudecuowu，zhengque；buxuan，youyishiyizhongjingshencaifu，qiecailiaobushejiliangjiepengyoudeguocuo。
(4)dangtaiyangzhishedianweiyutu13zhongjiaweizhishi，riqiweiriqianhou，cishixianggang、beijing、mosikesandizhengwutaiyanggaoduzuidadeshi，baizhouzuizhangdeshi，gairibeijingzhengwurenyingchaoxiangwei。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
yincituiliyucishidemocaliweiyiduipinghengli，
guciguochengrendesuduxianzengdahoujianxiao，
shiwenxiuxing，caidenghuyou，yingshixiashouheru。bianxianlinghuanle，yuyikaishu。daikuankuanxunlai，didangduanzheng，yimieqingqu。zuoxixitandang，gengrenxianxian，xianlianju。congqianyiyixixiang，haosouxuanchuaimiao，shifuqinshu。dunxingwu，yiranchaochu，kuhaimiqu。zhefanjianzhenzhennage，weifenmingbenyouyuanchu。quehaijiuchu，fanguanghuizhao，duzhengwuyu。
liuchunbudebeichunqi，chunruowuqingqiannishui。jimoziyishenglengbing，
（1）ruofangchengyoulianggebuxiangdengdeshishugen，qiushishumdequzhifanwei；
youfenxirenshirenwei，guoneidianzishangwushichangqishiyijingzhubuchengshu，jijiangyinglaijingpenshike，xieleidengchuizhidianzishangwuyehuishuizhangchuangao。
2gewei448（ge）
zuoweiyigeguojia，womenjujuelerenhechedidegemingjihua。weileyongyuanjiuzhengwomenjingjizhiduzhongdeyanzhongquedian，womenyikaodeshijiuminzhuzhixudexinyingyong。—luosifu
yisilamushaerdejumingaitousheidepiaone？
【tiwen】yuedutuwencailiao,wanchengxialieyaoqiu。
yiyanghuatanshiyoududeqiti，
danzaiyanyelongduanzhixia，yanyedeliruntaigaole，yijinyanjuranmaidaosanqianyinzi（xiangdangyuyishimi）。
juecejigou
bailuxiabaicao，xiaolangongdiaocui。qingqingsiqiangxia，yifushengmandi。
qizhiliangwei0.05mol47gmol2.35g。
dangqiejindangx31，jix1shiqudenghao，
jiangzijiadekongxiancheweizaiwangluopingtaishangdengji，anzhuanghaozhinenggongxiangcheweisuo，xuyaotingchedesijitongguowangluopingtaihuoquxinxi，zaiditudaohangxiazhunquezhaodaochewei，tingchejieshuhou，feiyongzidongjiesuan。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
chuantongwenhuajuxianmingdeminzuxing
AfenxiyulunzhengBjinxingshiyanyushoujizhengju
zongdaojugongbuyiliang。zhaosanmusijinwufang。jiushiyexialiugonggan，jinrijiazhongbaishilang。gehaodang，jiulinlang。fuyunshenshiliangxiangwang。gufengdingshangqingtiankuo，duduichunfengwuyi
shijianshirenshidezuizhongmudiheguisu
dianzicongxindianjitongguodianliujiliuxiangtongdianji，
（3）shulifalvyishi，yifazilv，zunjishoufa；jiaqiangdaodexiuyang，dizhibuliangyouhuo；jinshenjiaoyou；fangweidujian，congxiaoshizuoqi，yufangweifafanzuideng。
jie：gangderezhanglengsuochengdubibolideda，xiatianwendushenggao，youyurepengzhanggangchidechangdubianda，suoyiceliangzhibibolideshijizhipianxiao；
woguodishixigaodongdi，chengsanjijietifenbu，woguodixingduozhongduoyang，shanqumianjiguangda
D.baituandazhan
guBcuowu；C、xiaosuananrongyushuixire，
jie：yijutiyi，huachutuxing.
（1）xiechuCdezhijiaozuobiaofangcheng；
kaodian：bentikaochashengzhangsuxiangguanzhishi，yizaikaochakaoshengduizhishidiandezhijilijiezhangwochengdu。
lyupingmianneideliangtiaozhixianchuizhi；
chuoyueyizhihongyuan。shuyudanyanchiguan。meiziyuhuangshi，riyizhulanjibian。zhengkan。zhengkan。renzaishenxiangtingpan。
bentikaochadezhuyaozhishidianwei：lvyouziyuanjiazhipingjia，lvyouhuodongduiquyudeyingxiangdeng
D.cusuanfenzidianlichenglizidesulvhelizichongxinjiehechengcusuanfenzidesulvxiangdeng
youyuKwbubian，
jinerkepanduanchunadigengshiyixunyicaoshengzhang。
zaishizi，3，2，，，abzhong，danxiangshiyouge，duoxiangshiyouge，zhengshiyouge.
fengzhilaijishi，gaoxiaqifushu。
【jietisiludianbo】
jianduquan，
yejinghehangao，duzuotingqianyue。huqiguyuansi，dongzuojingnianbie。
（2）jieheshangshucailiaohesuoxuezhishishuoming，yingruhelijiecailiaosanzhong“hepinggongchuwuxiangyuanzedetichushiconggemingyundongwaijiaoxiangguojiawaijiaoguodudeyiciguanjianxingzhuanbian”？
002243tongchanlixingbencigongkaifaxingzhongwangshangdingjiafaxingde3,240wangugupiaojiangyu2008nian5yue28riqizaishenzhenzhengquanjiaoyisuoshangshijiaoyi。
nanqiaochemake，heshikuxuanxuan。
jizhegediqudenianjiangshuiliangzai100～150，150～200，200～250，250～300（mm）fanweineifenbieweishijianA、B、C、D.
fangshiwang，diekongsu。
jie：zaijiatuzhong，
zhexiedaodemofandoushijingguocunmintiyi、cunweihuiancunguishenyi、cunmindaibiaobiaojueyijigongshideliuchengtuixuanchulaide，daibiaolecunminxinmuzhongzhenzhengde“zuimei”。
guxuanxiangshuofazhengque；D、feijiudianchizhonghanyouyoududezhongjinshudengwuranwu，
miandaolinqianguanghongyunerzhi
guzhengque；hejindedaodianxingbuyidingbichunjinshugengqiang，
fenxituilishixuexihuaxuechangyongdeyizhongfangfa。xialietuilizhengquedeshi（）
zhengming：chongfenxing：abc0，
C.liushuiduiji
zaijingjishenghuozhong，touzilicaishouyiyufengxianshibingcunde，touzishouyiyuegao，anquanxingyuedi，fengxianjiuyuegao。suoyi，cailiaozhong“jueduigaohuibao，baifenbaigaoshouyi”deguanggaoshishuyuqipianxingdeguanggao。zhiyutouzideshouyiyulinghuoxingyingjutiqingkuangjutifenxi，butongdetouzifangshi，linghuoxingyeshibutongde。
xiangfangda，
（1）gaijihetidebiaomianji；（jieguobaoliu）
ruoPshiliangtiaoyimianzhixianl，mwaiderenyiyidian，zexialieshuofazhengquedeshi（tianxuhao）.
jie：duiyuA，CABEbunengpanduanchuEBAC，guAxuanxiangbufuhetiyi；
sanjiaoxingADEdemianjishisanjiaoxingABCmianjide。
jie：rutu，zuojuxing，sheshijianAwei“suijixiangjuxingneitoudian，suotoudedianluozaiyinyingbufen”.
B.youBkezhi，mouchudeciganyingqiangdudedaxiaoyufangrugaichudetongdiandaoxiansuoshoucichangliFchengzhengbi，yudaoxiandeI、Lchengfanbi
Bxiang，wateshiyingguofamingjia，qizuizhuyaochengjiushigailiangzhengqiji，weidiyicigongyegemingtigongledonglilaiyuan，yulixuewuguan。guBxiangcuowu。
zhongguoshicicunzaiyuzhongguolishideshizhong，
（2）licheng：gaigekaifanghoukaishiqicaominfadian；80niandaigaigekaifangshenru，banbuminfatongze；90niandaixiangshehuizhuyishichangjingjizhuanbian，zhidingxiangyingdedanxingfa；21shijihou，shiyingquanqiuhuadexuyao，jiakuaiqicao，2017niantongguominfazongze。
（3）benshiyandedaozhiceliangdejieguobugouzhunquedeyuanyinyuhonglindeliang，zhuangzhideqimixingdengyouguan。
buyingxiangshuidedianli，
kedenl，guml，youxianmianpingxingdepandingdinglikedem.
danguigenjiedilaiziyuwuzhishijie，
baishoulinyuanzai，hongchenchemahui。
【zhishidian】『xiaoshudejiafahejianfa』
mianduiguanxidaohedaominshengzhongdawenti，juexin“pochuqingmian”，“lizhenyinxun”，yiqiu“bichutangjie，gonggulanan”。
14gedianzi（huo10gejiadianzi），
anlisan：gaoyuanshandiqihou
bingjiehesuoxuezhishikezhi，
yishangshaohengzhenzuopin《huajiansuzhongqing》gong3shou
yunshenshanwu，yanlengjianggao，renshengweiyixiangfeng。yixiaodengqian，chaixingliangliangchunrong。qingfangyezhengzhentai，yinshengxiang、liaoluandongfeng。tanhuashou，yuanpaijinwu，aonaosikong。qiaocuiqiaoweipei，henyunuxiaoshou，feichenqinghong。shiwenzhixin，zunqianshuizuiqingnong。lianhuziyunbanzui，xiaodingxiang、caituweihong。haijieyu，daixiegui、xingyumengzhong。
xiangritxingzhanfengcai，gongqizhishangjinluan。quelaichijiehaiyunbian。shenjiansanshizhe，mingshiyixianguan。hanshizhongxinggaomiguan，qiannianmiaoyichanlian。zuohujiaqingwuxiangyan。juzhongzhaosilao，tongzuijiuruquan。
（2）renxinjiefa，guonaidazhi。zuoweiwenhuade“fazhi”，bixushentoudaodazhongdexuemaizhizhong，jinrundaorenmenrichangyanxingzhizhong，tixianchurichangdezizhuyueshuxing。yunyong《wenhuashenghuo》zhishi，shuominggerenyingruhecujinshehuizhuyifazhiwenhuajianshe。
bushuyuyanghuahaiyuanfanying，
A.yongrongjie、guolvdefangfachuquNaClzhongdeBaCl2
zixiasuojupin。
D.guojixingshidebianhua
xuanpanshijian
C.bianzhizuoyong
B.shixingyiguoliangzhishishixianzuguotongyidezhengquetujing
qingkuangxia，f(x)shi“pingdixing”hanshu，
jie：A、shijiXyingweiqiangjianrongye，shiyanghualvrongjie，anshuiweiruojian，gucuowu；
guCcuowu；D、biaozhundetanyuanzidexiangduiyuanzizhiliangbushi，
sanxiawenyuan
gushibukexingdefangan；tongyuliusuanlvbufanying，
jianduanxixiandeshunjian，xixianduixiaoqiudelalixiaoshi，xiaoqiushouliangtanhuangdetanliyijizishendezhongli，zexiaoqiushoudaodehelidaxiaowei2mg，fangxiangshuzhixiangshang，zeyouniudundierdinglvkedexiaoqiudejiasuduweia2g，fangxiangshuzhixiangshang.
Dxiangzhengque；cishiweidongji，
piansuiliushuiyuan，sezhuduanxiakong。changwangconglinxia，youyouyinxingqiong。
（3）renkoulaolinghuadailaideshehuijingjiwentiyou：laodongliduanque，guofangbingyuanbuzu，shehuifuyanglaonianrendefudanjiazhong。
guDxiangcuowu。
（1）she“quchuyiqiushihongqiuhuoheiqiu”weishijianE，zeEAB，
naizhiwuyoushaozuo。
Ca(OH)22NH4ClCaCl22NH32H2O；Ca(OH)22NH4NO3Ca(NO3)22NH32H2O，guDcuowu。
【zhishidian】『zimubiaoshishu』
shanghaicaijingdaxuefabudesanjidushanghaishixiaofeixinxinzhishuxianshi，65.9deshoufangzherenweixianjieduanbushimaifangdehaoshiji，57.8derenduiweilaibanniangoufangshijirengbukanhao。
ruicaoqiufengqi，xianjieyeyueming。duonianyuanchenyi，cidiyupuping。
fangchengshiwei：Na2CO3SiO2Na2SiO3CO2；shihuishiyushiyingfanyingshengchengguisuangaiheeryanghuatan，
（2）【jiexi】bentikaochadezhuyaozhishidianwei：zhongguozaijibutitouzijianshexiuhuanashengchanchangdeyoushitiaojian。
saodiwu
xialieshujuzhong，fuheshijideshi（）
buyonghaiyuzhuishitong。
bentikaochadezhuyaozhishidianwei：ditushangshijijulidegusuan。weidumeixiangge1
（2）150(115)tiaojian：1yuefenxiaoshoudecaidianbibingxiangshao15。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
A.tanhuangdetanxingshinengyizhizengda
duyouxingluzi，youyoubuzhihai。
cailiaozi20shiji50niandaizhongqiqi，lianheguoduocitaolunbukuosanhewuqiwenti，danyinmei、suliangguodezhengdou，meiyouqudechengguo。1960nian，lianheguodahuitongguole1576haojueyi，yaoqiusuoyoushengchanhewuqideguojiazanshiheziyuandibujianghewuqikongzhiquanyijiaogeifeiheguojia，buxiangqitigongzhizaohewuqidebiyaodejimiqingbao。
（2）daidonglediqudejingjifazhan，ICchanyepengbofazhan，zengjiajingjixiaoyi，zengjialediqurenminshouru；daidongdiquxiangguanchanyexietongfazhan；fazhanxingchengchanyelian。
（1）tu（a）renwushiwoguonaweizhumingdenongxuejia？tadezhuyaozhuzuoshishenme？qizhuzuodediweiruhe？
（2）tuzhongjiacheheyichedeluchengheshijiantuxiang，youtuxiangkezhiluchengheshijianchengzhengbi，suoyijiacheheyichezaizuoyunsuzhixianyundong；
peifangdey(x2)22.
nengliangjiaodi，
ruyecuiweili，qianfengmingyideng。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
（2）jiehesuoxue，songchaoshizhinanzhenchuanruouzhou。
cuxijinhezai，xianbeishuifutong。
jijituijinguojizhixudexinbiange，
chengxiangjiuyeguimochixukuoda
bingqieyingyongledaliangdeyingjianjishu，
B.guogongliangdanghezuodeshixian
D.xiatianshiyongdianfengshanshirenganjueliangshuang，shiyinweifengjiangdileshiwen
fengliuzi
hanshuyax1（a0，qiea1）detuxianghengguodianA，ruodianAzaizhixianmxny1shang，zemndezuidazhiwei.
【zhishidian】『yiweishuchengliang、sanweishu』
D.kejianguang
zaiqinianjidedaodeyufazhikeshang，laoshizuzhitongxuemenfenchengjia、yi、bingsangexiaozu，meigexiaozuliuren，zuoleyigeyouxi：yigetoumingdepingzili，fangjinliugepingpangqiu，meigeqiuyongxishengxizhe，yaoqiuzaizuiduandeshijianli，congpingliquanbuquchu。
shuyesanyunxiang，yawushu。anshangligengdanggaoru。dipianxinyuan，riyushengxianwuyu。shishengfeibudao、hengpichu。yizhulongxian，manouchunlu。xuansaoyouxuanyuebaozhu。qingtanyouwei，zongshigujiafengdu。ziyuntinghuhao、longjinlu。
zezhelianggepingmianxianghupingxing；ruoyigepingmianjingguolingyigepingmiandechuixian，
（2）sheD（x，y，z）shiBC1shangyidian，qie，
suoyiyushigairongyedepHzengdazekeyijiashuixishigairongyehuojiangwen，
zhenxizijiderenpinherenge，
zitanfengboquwuji，buzhiheriyouxiangfeng。
jiuyanshangdazhangjushi
yuyangyuanzixingcheng3duigongyongdianzidui，
daan：chongfenbubiyao.
gaochangziziqing，
jie：（1）wutijinruyetishishoudaodefulidengyuwutidezhongliyutanhuangcelijilalizhicha，
jie：（1）ayubcxingchengduibi，
wenhuazuoweiyizhongjingshenliliang，nenggouduishehuifazhanchanshengshenkedeyingxiang。
D.xinzhongguodechengli
zudouliexisheng。
quanmianjianshenyundongchangdaoquantiminzhongcanyuyundongjianshen，
sukekanlaiyoujieai，mangrendaociyixuxian。
guyuanCdezhijiaozuobiaofangchengweix2y22x2y40，ji(x1)2(y1)26.
shizhichaobudehui，yebudefu。
shex，yR*，qiemanzux4y40，zelgxlgydezuidazhishi（）
juzidezhiliang:lidezhiliang:pingguodezhiliang5:4:6，
【zhishidian】『ercigenshidedingyi』
tianshouyuannian（690nian），wuzetianxuanbugaitangweizhou，ziliweidi，dingluoyangweidou，cheng“shendou”，jianliwuzhouwangchao。wuzetianzaiweishi，shatangzongshi，renyongkuli，dantaduoquanlve，nengyongren，suoyixiancaibeichu。youjianglinongsang，gaigelizhi，zhongshixuanbarencai。wannianzhujianhaoshezhuanduan，poduobizheng。
zhenggesanjiaoxingweiyuchuizhiyuABCdeyunqiangcichangzhong，
fangkuohao
200400430}1003020014710(yue)10014710(yue)6014710(yuetu2310(1)chuzhibeijingguanwei，chunianjiangshuiliangdejijiebianhuayouhetedian?，chuqihouduinongyeshengchanyoulideyingxiangshi(2)xialieminjuzhuyaofenbuzaichudeshi。
tuisiwangqinxing。
jie：（1）jiatuweiyigedinghualun，zeG100N；
C、jixiexiaolvyujixiegonglvdaxiaomeiyouzhijieguanxi，cixuanxiangcuowu；
zaohuataimangmang，duanjuzishifang。xinyiwujuju，dingchuyoushuangshuang。
danshi，suizhe1926nianshehuizhuyiguojiagongyehuadekaizhan，duisirenjingjihezichanjiejiyouzhankailequanmianjingong。
xuyaodenengliangxiangduiyaoshao；
yueduxialiecailiao，huidawenti。
jianglouyanbie
weiwoxibeifei。
danshizaizhousuhongmianqian，tashijianqiangde，weidejiushirangzhousuhongmeiyougulvdequbisai。
jie：dangn1shi，2x0，jiedex216.
xianglaiyijingzhunbawoguoneixiaofeixiguandefengtianzaiyalishishenshangdeshizugeifengtianyingxiaoshangleyitangshengdongdejiaoxunke。
wangminkesuishizaizhidaopingtaishangguankandaoDiscoverydingzhidegexinghuadetansuojiemuwenzi、tupian、shipinduanpiandengxinxi，
linlilongshabei。（《linchuanliuyong》）。
yujiankaixiandecanshufangchengjinxingduizhaokezhi，r3，jijiyuanbanjingshi3，
xinwenhuayundong
wangluoshishangyexingde，erbunengshiguoqugongyide，zoubutong。
guAzhengque；B、youhefanyingfangchengzhiliangshushouhengzhizhongweizibushizhongzi，
gongyejizhongfenbuzaitaipingyangyananhelaihuneihaiyanan，
bingyanhua
budedeng，dengbiandao。
ruox2，huajian|3x|dezhengquejieguoshi（）
C.tianchaojingmeng—fuqiangmengqihang—ziqiangmengsui—zhuanzhimengxing—jianguomengcheng
chanshengdeganyingdianliujiuyueda，
、jiarutongfen，gouchengyuandianchi，fanyingsulvjiakuai，buyingxiangxinfendeliang，buyingxiangchanshengH2dezongliang，guzhengque；
（3）ruoAweijinshudanzhi，B、C、Ddoushihuahewu，AyuBfashengdefanyingchangyongyufushiyinshuadianluban，gaifanyingdelizifangchengshiwei。
wuyanweiyaoluo，yaoluocongcishi。
yingguoxianzhangyundongzhong
qibochangyueduan，
zheshiguangdongshengneibufazhanwenti。
jie：A、60shidexiaosuanjiarongyejiangwenzhi20，
yazhouheliuzhongduo，xialieguanyuyazhouzhuyaoheliudexushu，cuowudeshi（）
niunaishidanbaizhi，
yiyufuqiuduanbuhai。
D.suanjianzhonghedechanwu
Byiheizhongrenweizhu
shengchengCuSO4heHR，
xiyanyijingbutongqiao，bashichibeiweijueyao。longzaishitanwenyeyu，
ACmilanzhebian，zhenzhongdajiangkakanangkuole20062007saijiouzhanzuijiaqiuyuanjizuijiaqianfeng、guojizhiyeqiuyuanxiehuinianduzuijiaqiuyuan、《faguozuqiu》jinqiujiang、yingguo《shijiezuqiu》nianduzuijiaqiuyuan、shijubeizuijiaqiuyuan、FIFAshijiezuqiuxianshengdengzhuduogerenrongyu。
chanshu：yapianzhanzhengqianhou，linzexu、weiyuandengrenchangdao“shiyizhangji”，kaiqilexuexixifangdesichao，cujinlerenmenguanniandebianhua。
youyuxiandinglidecosB.
Na2SO3zuohuanyuanji，
B.suoyounengbei2zhengchudeshudoubushioushu
（2）budengshihengchengli，
（1）dilizhishi。
D.quantishishu
tanxiedangwuyue，yinqinyubaxing。shenqingwanruci，shanzhuhekewang。
keyishilingyizhongfanyingwudezhuanhualvtigao，
bingjinyibuzhuanhuaweiFe(SCN)3，
yifadajiliyonghulianwangdeweifafanzuixingwei，
yibenzidianzaixialieqingkuangzhongbuhuishoudaomocalideshi（）
（4）jiejing：wuzhicongrongyezhongyijingtidexingshixichudeguocheng。
herisangtianjubianle，bujiaoyishuixiangdongliu。
ruguozhegejingyanguanchashizhengquedehua，namezheyiweizhe，zhongguojingjizhishaohaiyinggaizaigaosuzengzhang35nian，yinweishixianzhongguoderenjunshourudadaomeiguodeyibanzhishaoyaozai2040nianqianhou（angoumailipingjiaguji）。
jie：shedianziyuanjiandedianyahedianliufenbieweiU、I，genjubihedianluoumudinglvde3U（82）I，U310I，zaituxiangzhongzuochuUIquxian，liangtudejiaodianweidianziyuanjiandegongzuodian，
Bzhengque；woguofalvbaohugongmindeyinsiquan，
yiconghua
jiabingfenshengzhi，jushoufuzongchen。zaofayuntaizhang，enboqihelin。
yishishiduikeguancunzaidezhengquefanying
duiyuC，hanshuf(x)yuhanshug(x)dedingyiyuhezhiyudouxiangtong，gubiaoshitongyihanshu；
（1）sizhongjinshudehuodongxingshunxuyouqiangdaoruodeshiZnXCuAg；
gucishihanshujiexishiweiyx1，
（4）bukenengshijian.zaibiaozhundaqiyaxia，wendudiyu0shi，bingyidingbuhuironghua.
hongwenchumingxiajiangbian，nanlianshaouyudiaochuan。lanshouzhachengxinxueshi，
B.zhonggongqida——daoluxuanze——zhunbeitiaojian
cishishuiduirongqidibudeyaqiang：
kunluntianguandongyingzhe。xuanyuankoujinbunengxiao，baiguchichuiyanliuxie。
ninggudianjiangdile；yizhishuideninggudianwei0，
“womenzijidedaxuebushiyeyoujingpinkechengguazaiwangshangma？”
rangshibingfanxiangzhongdi
（1）makesizhuyishifazhandelilun，tasuizheshehuishijiandefazhanerfazhan。makesizhuyizhongguohuadeguochengjiushimakesizhuyizaizhongguochuanbohefazhandeguocheng。makesichuanruzhongguohou，yujutishijianxiangjiehe，chanshenglemaozedongsixiang、zhongguoteseshehuizhuyililuntixi。
fangansan：qitatiaojiandouxiangtong，shibutongdelanqiufandandaoxiangtongdegaodu，guanchabijiaotamensuoxuyaoziyouxialuodegaodu。
yunshinancunsou，qie}laixiangguo。
（6）jingzhengdezuizhongmubiaoshishixiangongying。
《dianqi》：birushuo2008nian2yue2rixinkaiyedesanyuanxiqiaoheliujiayaodian？
yiyuanjiu
yuanji。yuanbudongzhenwuke。zhenwuke。chuanlingxie，jinjiange。zhenxiulianfeifance。zhuguangyingnanchenni。nanchenni。shenglingyan，xiaoyanxi。
D.guojijingzhengzhuyaobiaoxianzaiquyunei
yinci“dianshuzhiheweioushu”yu“dianshuzhiheweijishu”zuoleibi，kede“dianshuzhiheweioushu”degailvweiP.
suoyiCshizhengquedexuanxiang；A、Bxuanxiangtaijuedui；Dxuanxiangbufuheshiji，
guanjianyaohai
youyujinshuqiuahebzhiliangfenbujunyun，
a.fenbiequdengzhiliangdeliangzhongpeihewujingtideyangpinpeichengdaicerongye；
xianyaozhushuqu，cunxiangbaipeigang。dilifangwuhui，renfengshiran。
jie：budengshix2(xy)duiyiqiezhengshux、yhengchengli，
（3）2.23（jingquedao0.01）；
C.nengfanshegezhongseguang
（1）shijushejilenanchangqiyidebeijing、yingxiang。genjucailiaoxinxi“nanchangqiangxiangjinghuanyu，zhuyihaixuwulicheng”kezhifanyingdelishishijianshinanchangqiyi。
pingjunmeikuangdayuezhuang60ge。
B.renkouqianxishiwenhuachuanbodezhongyaotujing
shuidiaogetou
youxiaoxicheng，qunianhuayitouzilejin3yiyuandedianshiju，zuihouzuandepenmanboman，lirungaodajinyiyuan，zhengshizheyidian，ranghuayixiadingjuexinjinjundianshilingyu。
liangguomaoyiecong1997niande61yimeiyuan，fazhandao2006niande334yimeiyuan，10nianjianzengzhangle4.5bei；tebieshijinnianqianlianggeyue，shuangbianmaoyiezengfugaoda40，chengxianchulianghaodefazhanshitou。
B.baochiwendububian，jiaru10gxiaosuanjiahou，rongyezhongrongzhidizhiliangfenshuzengda
（2）you（1）kezhixy2cos2sin
A，M，Osandiangongxian，A，M，O，A1sidiangongmian，A，O，C，Msidiangongmian.
B.jiudifenshaonongzhuangzhongdejiegankeyizengjiatiandifeixiao
fangcheng3x25x4deercixiangxishu、yicixiangxishujichangshuxiangzhihewei3(5)(4)6.
yuanchaodexingshengzhidudiandinglezhongguojintianxingzhengquhuadejichu
（3）diandongjidelalidepingjungonglvshi4680W。
dangran，xindeaoyunzhouqikaishihou，nanshuangyebunengzaijinjinyikaotamenzheyidui，bixujiakuaipeiyangnianqingzuhe，erzheyexuyaotamenfahuichuchuanbangdaidezuoyong。
AMDweizhijiaosanjiaoxing，AMMDa，
zheshuomingzhonghuawenhuayuanyuanliuchang、bodajingshen，hanzichengzaizhefengfudewenhuaneihan，shihetiyi；cailiaobushejihanzichuanchengzhonghuawenhuadezuoyong，yebushejiwenhuaduoyangxing，shuofazhengquedanbushihetiyi，paichu。
qinmingdanbishang，
nianjiangshuiliangduozai800mmyishang，
zaijiaruzhiliangfenshuwei20deliusuanrongye，
haiyouwomenzhuozhoushigeweilingdao，
wenyanzhigengshao，tinghuaxiangyuxuan。guwenchuilu，xinjingongjueyan。
shanmingsuyuji，fengnuanbaihuishu。honghongyequanjie，yiyilinguangchu。
（2）tuAshengquzhongaheliushi
keyifangxiu，
rutusuoshi，lidimiangaohchuyoujia、yilianggezhiliangxiangdengdewuti，jiayichusuduv0shuipingshechu，tongshiyiyichusuduv0yanqingjiaowei45deguanghuaxiemianhuaxia。ruojia、yitongshidaodadimian，zexialieguanyujia、yiliangwutideshuofazhongzhengquedeshi（）
C.dalishi
【zhishidian】『yimianzhixianjiqisuochengdejiao』
tongshi，woguorenkoudeyuqishoumingyezaibuduandiyanchang：weilai20nian，woguorenkoupingjunshoumingjiangjiejin80sui；dao2050niangengjiangdadao85sui。
D.teliduxing，biaoxinliyi
yuenanmuqianquannianjinyoujiutianfadingjiaqi，xiongwangjirijiweiqiyi。
B.yangjidedianjifanyingshiwei：C2O24eCO2
（6）guizhoushengshanqumianjiguangda，qiyoushishikuangchan、senlin、shuinengziyuanjiaoweifengfu，youliyufazhanlinye、xumuye、kuangyehelvyouye。
xishuyingtaoyezihong，yerenxiangzengmanyunlong。shuhuixixiechourengpo，
xifangguojiadexiandaishehuifulizhidujinglilefazhan、kunjinghegaigedebianhuaguocheng。yueduxialiecailiao：
C.lincaojiehe
Dxiang，“jujuezaiheyueshangqianzi”tixiandeshifankangdiguozhuyideyapo。guDxiangcuowu。
yuzhonghuayexingchuan
gerenjiankanghuafeizhongsiyingbaoxianyezhifuzhan36，
danshi，rujindezuqiuhe3nianqiankendingbuyiyangle。”
meiguozongtongkennidixialingduigubashixingjunshifengsuo，bingjinxingzhanzhengweixie，sulianbeipochezoudaodan，weijicaigaopingxi。
jie：you2cos1dezhixianfangchengwei2x1，yuandefangchengweix2y22x0，yuanxinwei（1,0），banjingr1，
yingtaoyuanshixianlangzhong。cidifangfeidong。kaicanshanxingmeidouhong。yishulihuaruxueyuemingzhong。sanshengdiehuananhuameng。zhiyouqingyuanzhong。qulanyoujingxiaolianlong。haogongsaomeicaiziguan
qiuyeyanghuaiqianmengergongqinkehui
shenggaowendupinghengxiangnifanyingfangxiangyidong，
jiangguochuantiandian，shanchengmushufu。feishengshashiquan，zhengshimulinwu。
mianduizhuduodeshehuiwentihexuanjudexuyao，qizongtongbiaoshiyao“yirenmindemingyituidongjinbu”，danfaguoshishixingzichanjiejizhuanzhengdeguojia，zhizhengdangshizhongdaibiaoheweihuzichanjiejideliyi，bukenengzhenzhengweihurenmindeliyi。
zengguanyiliuxunguan
yingguotianzhujiaoshenfuweiliantingdeeryinxiwangyingguojiaotukeyiziyouyuedu《shengjing》erjiangqifanyichengyingwen，jieguoyu1524nianbeikongyouyiduanxianyi，beipoliuwang。youcikezhi，ta（）
jie：（1）zoujinjiayouzhanshi，wendaoqiyouwei，zheshiyinweiqiyoufenzizaibutingdizuowuguizeyundong，shishuyukuosanxianxiang；
dezhuyaozhishidianwei：banchengshihuacujinjingjidefazhan。
qinghuadaxuedeluqutongzhishu，congxinfeng、ruxuezhinandaoruxuetongzhishu，doushiyiziseweizhu。
danguoneishichangxuqiuzengzhangyouxian，
suoyiyingzaizhuangzhiEhoufangzhiranzhedejiujingdengchuliweiqi。
youtiandedixiayaligao，youjingduoweizipenjing。
5.jutiwentijutifenxishijiejuemaodundeguanjian。
daan：changdu；hengjiemianji；cailiao；wendu；da.
danzaiqianfeiwu，qiwuhouhuanying。
zhaigongqianrimansanxun，jiu}jinzhaoyifuchen。chengxinghaitongfangdaike，
zaiAOBheCODzhong，，
（2）zhipiaobaiye、piaobaifen、piaobaijing。
erjishichangshang，gaigujiuyueshangxunyunxingzhiqianqigaodiandejingxianfujinbianzhudongzhankaitiaozheng。
huahenkaichi，weihuachihouweihuanao。wenhuakaile。quehenhuakaizao。renmaoniannian，bushihuazhanghao。haizhidao。niannianrenmao。quexiaohuaxianlao。
youqipaochansheng，
baixinyue
zhengqueqiefuhetiyi；nengjinyibutuidongnongcuntudi“sanquanfenzhi”gaige，
C.18shijizaoqiyingguoqimengyundongyijiejinweisheng
D.minzuzhuyi
（6）youtuxiangzhi，jingtichuyuwendububiandexianduanshiBCheEF。
2、tiwenzhongxiaozhangjingchanghejiu、chouyan，youhaishentijiankang，meizuodaokending、zunzhong、yuenazijishengming，shandaishengming。
songxiaoer
qiliangduoduzui，lingluobantongyou。qifupingshengyi，cangranlanduzhou。
jiangshangyunqihei，shanhanshanzuoyelei。shuiepingmingfei，yucongxianchu
D.wufaquedingjigelizuoyong
（2）conganquanyongdiankaolv，gaidianlucunzaianquanyinhuan，yingjiangdandaoshuangzhikaiguanSjiezaizhaomingdengLyujian；（3）buguanzhaomingdengguanbihaishidakai，gaidianludouyaoxiaozhedianneng。
shiyanrongyeshuyuhunhewu，
【zhishidian】『guijifangcheng』
jie：genjutiyi，ruguoyonghualunzulaitishengwuti，wutizhongliwei500N，laliwei200Nshi，zhishaoyaosanduanshengzichengdanwuzhongcaifuheyaoqiu，guqishejirutusuoshi：
D.wufapanduan
jiaotongyunshu（yiqianchengjiaotongyunshugongcheng）shiyanjiutielu、gonglu、shuilujihangkongyunshujichusheshidebujujixiujian、zaiyungongjuyunyonggongcheng、jiaotongxinxigongchengjikongzhi、jiaotongyunshujingyingheguanlidegongchenglingyu。
guAzhengque；B、yinjifashenghaiyuanfanying，
A.yougerenzhuanzhizouxiangxianzhengtizhi
2018nian3yue11ri，dishisanjiequanguorenmindaibiaodahuidicihuiyigaopiaobiaojuetongguole《zhonghuarenmingongheguoxianfaxiuzhengan》。duicilijiezhengquedeshi（）
haidaoshangdezhiwuzhuyaoshitaixianhediyi，nanbudeyixiedaoyushangyounaihandecaobenzhiwuhexiaoguanmu；dongwuyishenghuozaihaidao、fubinghebingshanshangdebaixiongzuizhuming，beiyuweibeijidexiangzheng，qitahaiyouhaixiang、haibao、xuetu、beijihu、xunluhejingyudeng。
C.yujiechumiandecucaochengduhewutidezhongliyouguan
bentikaochaguyanwudeqimengsixiang“tianxiaxingwang，
（3）anli：“huzhongzaoyu”
tiliningyouju
（2）xinhexiliusuanfanying：；
PABmianjidezuixiaozhiwei2.
fuxibeikaoshi，kaoshengyaozhuyibutongxuekedatiyoubutongguilv。
dangfeijidehuaxingsududadaoyidingzhi，jiyisuoshoudeshenglidayufeijizizhongshi，feijijiuqifeile。
cailiaotixiandeshihonglaoshiweilexueshengdegaokao，daibingshangke，tixianletawusifengxiandejingshen，shiaigangjingye、guanaixueshengdetixian，zhengque；shiduicuozhedechenshu，buyutiyiwuguan。
erduiyuzhetiaozhenzhengfuchengzhiwei“laowujinshangdiandaoludezhoubianhuanjinglu”dekexingxing，cunminyetichulezhiyi。
jiehesuoxuezhishikezhi，mingzhiweixinshiqide“zunwangrangyi”yaoqiuzunfengtianhuang，ganzouwaiguoqinlvezhe。danhuodejingduchaotingdezhichishizaidaomuyundongxingqishiqi，yinerCxiangyushishibufu，weizhengquedaan。
【tishi】『baliangcichengdedejixiang『jia』，jieguozuowei6814dechengji。』
cujinziyuanjieyue，
faguozuojiayuguoshuoguo：“chizaoyouyitian，ouzhoudaludesuoyouguojiahuijinmidituanjiezaiyiqi。”nian，ouzhoumeiganggongtongtichengli，maichuouzhouyitihuadebufa，yuguodeyuyanbeiyinzhengle。（）
【jietisiludianbo】
jie：A、tongguochuirulengdeqiti，shilazhuwendujiangdaozhaohuodianyixiacongermiehuo，guAzhengque；
lanyoushenggufeng
wuyoufuyanying，
（2）yi12.56dmweigao，15.7dmweidimianzhouchang，rongjiwei：
xiangnanzou50m，jiwei50m，zeyixiangbeizou30mjiwei30m，
（4）EweiC6H5CHCHCHOyanghuahoudeFdefenzishiweiC9H8O3，
yerenshijisu，guniaozixiangfeng。chaoluchuangqianshi，shuizhixiaoqiyong。
（2）panduanbingzhengmingf1(x)dedandiaoxing.
guxianfashengquanfanshe，
hainanshengjianchayuanhainanfenyuanfaxian，lirigao、zhangtianji、shimingzhong、huangdingqingdengbeihairendekonggao，doushifashengzailingaoxianlongpopaichusuoyigedifang，gaiyuanjianchazhangsongzejiangxiangxitingqubingrenzhenfenxileanqingzhihou，lijijuedingpaichufujianchazhangliguanghejizhenchajianduchuchuzhangwuyumingdailingbananrenyuanqianwangdiaocha。
（3）chiriyanyan，zaishamohuogebitan，jishixiangjubutaiyuanderenyenantingqingduifangdedashengjiaohan，qizhongyigezhongyaodeyuanyinshishengyinzaichuanboshixiang（xuantian“shang”huo“xia”）guaiwanle。
xianran，zhongguoshiyouAgushangshihou，budanhuichengweishangzhengzongzhidiyidaquanzhonggu，erqiezongshizhihuichaoguoaikesenmeifushiyou，chengweiquanqiushizhizuidadeshangshigongsi。
GpaijiuFfujiujiujinggV0.8103kgm39.8Nkg2105m30.1568N，yichujiujingdezhiliang：
B.qian300m，xiaomingdepingjunsuduyuxiaowangdepingjunsuduxiangdeng
longshantuyuhaicunzaiyouwuehuaheshejianyuanyindechayi。
（1）qiugaiwangminzhishaogoumai2zhongshangpindegailv；
yizhixialiegeshu：8，2.01，，3，0，0.25，50，1.qizhongfeifushudegeshushi（）
suhuashuo，“nvziwucaibianshide”。nishifouzantongzheyiguandian，qingshuomingliyou。
huanyanzhi，wojuedeyingdangjiangqizuowei08nianfuxidezhongdian。
zhegaitu9”dazhouhedayangdefenbu”。
xiechuqizhongSO2biaoxianhuanyuanxingbingshengchengchendiandelizifangchengshi。
tongdengqingkuangxiaqifenyajiaoxiao，
liangdianzubinglianshi，youQtkezhi，dianyaxiangdeng，R1R2，dianzuR1chanshengdereliangduo，guDcuowu，danfuhetiyi。
youyugongnongyeshengchandefazhan，renleiduiziranziyuandekaifachengduheguimoyezaibuduanfazhan。
shiyanyi：。
da350gongli，
tanggaozongzunfenglaoziwei“taishangxuanyuanhuangdi”。
jianquanlifajiguanheshehuigongzhonggoutongjizhi，zhuyaofanyinglelifajiguanyushehuigongzhongzhijiandeguanxi，bushejilifaquanlibianjiewenti，gubuxuan；jianquanlifajiguanheshehuigongzhonggoutongjizhi，zhizaiguangfanningjushehuigongshi，tigaolifazhiliang，bingbushiweilebaozhanggongminzhengzhiquanlideshixian，gubuxuan；junzhengqueqiefuhetiyi，guxuanD。
xinwenshen
qieCCl4heshuibuhunrong，
guBzhengque。
bairenhuizhongshenbuyu。
gaizuzhidengjifenming，
（1）qingzaituzhongzuochulazhuABzaipingshangsuochengdexiangAB（yaoqiubiaochuA、B）。
（2）《zhongguotudifadagang》wei《zhonghuarenmingongheguotudigaigefa》tigongjiejianjingyan，qidaocujinzuoyong；《zhonghuarenmingongheguotudigaigefa》wanshanle《zhongguotudifadagang》。
zaitasuozhu《xingxingzhihuo，
yunmengzhangzhongxiao，wulinghuachumi。
gucuowu；B、lvhuaqingnenghexiaosuanyinrongyefanyingshengchenglvhuayinchendian，
C.huangtongzhongdetonghexindoushuyudanzhi；guCcuowu；
D.kending“wenge”duishengchanlidezuai
rangzhonghuaminzudejiyideyichuancheng
da：jiachedesuduv1wei1ms，fangxiangyuyichesudufangxiangxiangtong。
gong6zhonglizi；C、anqiyirongyushui，
yushuqiongzhixiangyingyao。
B、xishouchizhonghanyoutansuanjia，tansuanjiaxishougongchangpaichudeqitizhongdeeryanghuatan，shengchengtansuanqingjia，tansuanqingjiashourefenjieshengchengtansuanjia、shui、eryanghuatan，eryanghuatanjinruhechengta，fenjiechizhongwuzhiyoujinruxishouchi，yinweixishouchizhonghanyoutansuanjia，suoyikexunhuanliyongdewuzhishitansuanjia，guBzhengque；
chendianrongjiebingfangchuqiti，
；weiyuxibuyanhaipingyuandidai，dixingpingtankaikuo。
（1）Ashiqinling，gaishanmaishichangjiangshuixiyuhuangheshuixidefenshuiling；
qingwangchaotongzhijieshudebiaozhishi1912nian2yuexuantongdipuyixiazhaotuiwei，
diliujiejidiqijieyougaozhongxinxianshengdanrenlishizhang，
jie：yiqichehuozijiweicanzhaowu，cesutishipaiduiyuqichehuozijideweizhibuduanfashenggaibian，shiyundongde，suoyitahuiganjuecesutishipaiwanghoutui；
zhiyoushizhongjianchizhongguogongchandangdelingdao，
zhengwugongkai，youliyuguifanzhengfujiqigongzuorenyuandexingzhengxingwei，tigaozhengfugongxinli，zhengque。
geguozhijianzongheguolijingzhengriqujilie，
ruguoshimintichudejianyibeicainajiunenghuodezhongjiang，zhetixianlegaishizhengfujijituidongrenminqunzhongcanyuminzhujuece。
zhongwuzhiliangweiM。
yugaotiedediandongliechexingchengxianmingduibideshiyimeitanranshaoweidonglideleshanjiayangxiaohuoche，tashimuqianshijieshangjincundeshaoshujiliangrengzaiyunxingdezhengqijichezhiyi，beichengwei“gongyewenmingdehuohuashi”。
yalidezuoyongxiaoguoyuemingxian。
qishi，zhezhongtaolifangshizaihushenjiaoyisuodegongkaixinxizhongbiankekuijian。
pengxinwuzai《zaowudepuxi》zhongshengming，“nageshidaigandaozijibuzaixuyaoshangdi，buzaixuyaojiangshangdidangchengweijieshiwanshiwanwudediyiyin，ershirenwei，quanbudeshengmingaomidounenggouyongziranfazelaijieshi。”gaisixiangzuiyoukenengchuxianzai（）
（1）nirenweixiaomingdecaixiangshi（“youdaoli”huo“wudaoli”）de。
tanbaifa
ruodianA，B，C，Dgongmian，dianA，B，C，Egongmian，zeA，B，C，D，Egongmian；
shishizhengming，AT&Tzaichongjianzhezhongguanxidedaolushangyijingqudelebucuodechengguo。
【zhishidian】『bilichiderenshi』
zuotian，xiaoqiuchengzaikunminghuochezhanzhaolegexiaolvguanzanshiluojiao。
qiejiangqiongmiaoli，jianyuxunshenggai。heduxiekeyou，dangweiyuangongbei。
yifangmianhuajielezheyijinchengzhongyudaodezhiduzhangaihejishukunnan，
C.haixialianganjunjianchi“yigezhongguo”deyuanze
(1)laoshidezheyibigouhuachulejigedazhou?qingzaituzhongxiangyingweizhitianxiedazhoumingcheng。
fengheshengzhisongshangshuyanguogongfushuofang
【zhishidian】『liangzhixianpingxing，neicuojiaoxiangdeng』
zhengzhitizhi
Mdianzuobiaowei，jiM（，）.
C.jianglazhuyouyi，guangpingzuoyi
fushidanpufeilezhan
bangzhuqiyezhuanxingshengjikekaolvyifaxingzhengshiyifazhiguodeguanjianhuanjie；jianchiyifazhiguo、yifaxingzhenggongtongtuijin，
juejingyushuitong？
canjiazheciceshidetongxueyigongyou50ren。
wanfakongmenli，shixiulijisheng。guolaixinyiwu，weidaoxingmijing。
jie：A、caiqipiaoyang，meiyouxinwuzhishengcheng，shuyuwulibianhua，guAcuowu；B、qiqiushengkong，meiyouxinwuzhishengcheng，shuyuwulibianhua，guBcuowu；C、huojuranshao，youeryanghuatandengxinwuzhishengcheng，shuyuhuaxuebianhua，guCzhengque；D、shengyinyuanyang，meiyouxinwuzhishengcheng，shuyuwulibianhua，guDcuowu；
linjiangxian
congmuqianzhongguodianxinbushudeVDSLwangluodexianzhuanglaikan，suomianxiangdeyonghujibenshangshijiatingkehu。
zaipenguanxitongtourushiyonghou，keyizhiguandiduishengzhangzhuangkuang、lvseqideyanchangyijijieshui、jieshengrengongdeqingkuangjinxingpingjia。yekeyitongguoshijiceshi，duixitongdepensajunyundu、guangaishuideliyonglvdengjiayipinggu，yibianjishixiuzhengguanshuijihua，bingweitigaojinhoupenguanxitongdeguihuashejishuipingtigongcankao。
mouyinchameifenzhongzhendong3000ci，f50Hz。
zaijizuobiaoxizhong，yuan8sinshangdediandaozhixian（R）julidezuidazhishi.
daan：37sheshidu；lingxia21.5sheshiduhuofu21.5sheshidu。
shiqianxunxiyikong。wanyinxizufeng，xiyangxiVhong。
da：（1）lvkuaisuoshoudefuli27N；（2）lvkuaidetijiwei2.7103m3；（3）lvkuaidekongxintijiwei1.7103m3。
baoxinghaibaoshishenghuozainanjidiqudebeijixiong。tamenshibulienengshou。buguotamenduobandechenggongdoushizaishuixiahuodede，suoyiyibanlaishuo，tamendeliewuruguozaibingmianjiumeiyounameweixianle。congxiansanyouyadewaibiaogenbenkanbuchutamenxiongcandebenxing。
hongyanghepeiyuminzujingshen，zuizhongyaodeshifahui“zhuxingu”dezuoyong。
ruihexianwushou
【zhishidian】『mingtihemingtidezhenzhi』
zaijishudaorenqihezhuanxingqi，gaiqiyejishuchanpinjiazhiliangyuzhiliangjunwuyoushi
tamenhuitongguodaguansidebanfa，
weisuliandeliangbei”，
Cshanghaiheguangzhoujieshoudetaiyangreliangxiangdeng
guhuaxuefanyingfangchengshiwei：3A(g)B(g)2C(g)；（3）pinghengshiAbianhualiangwei0.6molL1，
zaizhuanjiakanlai，zhezhengshiwangluoshidaidebeiai。
jie：（1）qicaidezhongli：Gmg300kg10Nkg3000N，
A.tangchaoshangshusheng
fengheyuanchengshicongyounanchengbieye
（1）shuoming2002nianribenfengtianqichejinruzhongguo，shouxuanyiqijituanhezuodeyuanyin。
guoneishichangshiqiyeduanliandezuizaodifang，ruguomeiyouyigejiaodadeguoneishichang，qiyeshihennandedaochanshengyuduanliandejihui。
“zhezhisaierweiyaguoaoduishijinnianlaishilizuiqiangdeyizhi，naxieduiyuanfeichangyoujingyan，congxiaodaodadabisaidejihuifeichangduo，henyouzhandouli。
fanying2H2SO22S2H2Ozhong，
——lihequn《lunzhongguogudailifangzhidebengkui——yitangchanganyusongdongjingweili》
Bcuowu；C、yinweiwenduyiding，
（1）diqiaozhonghanliangzuiduodejinshuyuansuyuanzixushushi。（2）fenxishangbiaoguilv，ketuizhibiaozhongx。（3）biaoshideshi（xielizifuhao）。（4）biaozhongbushuyuduanzhouqiyuansudeyouzhong。
yinweigupiaotouzideshouyitongchangbichuxulixigao，
tianjunmingxiangliang，tianluxingpanshan。qishujiayijing，wantiaoqinglang。
zhuduimuqiansai17lun7sheng3ping7fuji24fenpaimingliansaidi10[jingshengqiuguanxi]，keduimuqiansai17lun3sheng5ping9fuji14fenpaimingliansaidaoshudi2。
C、laxianfangxiangbixuyumubanpingmianpingxing，zheyangcaiquebaolidedaxiaodezhunquexing，jianxiaoshiyanwucha，guCxuanxiangdecaozuoyoubiyao；
suoyiBdehuaxueshiweiHCN；
yucunraoshuitian，dandangeqingyan。yujiulinzhongzui，xianqishishangmian。
gaidaxuedexuezizairibendeqiye、maoyi、jinrongdengshiyelingyuzhanjuzhuozhongyaodegangwei，xingchengyiqunyoushilide“qingyingbang”。
A.changwenxia，PbI2deKsp2x106
2qiangbaoyudailaidezhuyaoziranzaihaishihonglaozaihai。guBzhengque，ACDcuowu。
congeryejiujianshaohuanjingfuzaidewuran。
suoyiDEA1B1，zeDEAB.
【tishi】『jisuan6shi，tongchangquliangweixiaoshu『3.14』。』
yunxujizhe、qunzhongdaibiaopangtingzhengfugongzuohuiyi，
B.lengzhanzhiyuemeiyinggongyefazhan
shuyizifu。chilinhuanglong，weituojiejiu。qingshishuren，huangtongbaisou。
suoyou1992nianyihouxinzengdexiandouwuxiao，
ranhouxiangrongyezhongjiaruyanghuaji，
tashizhongguogongchandangjianchidangxingdekaimo，quanxinquanyiweirenminfuwudedianfan。
gudaanwei：（1）yunsuzhixian；erlipingheng；（1）jia、bing；（1）2；2。
C.putaoniangjiu
gongchengfangzide，heshixueganqiu。guoyifumingwu，shenyidashixiu。
shuomingpinghengxiangnifanyingyidong，
zhuanhuishichangshanghurenzhizaochuledadongjing，tongweidadushideniuyuebuganluohou，laizi《niuyueyoubao》dexiaoxi，xianzaixuyaohouweidenikesiyijingbamuguangduizhunguowangdezhulikongweimaikebibi。
guyicijiarudeshijiweicb；
（2）youtukezhi，jiashiwendaijifengqihou，yishiwendaihaiyangqihou，bingshiwendaidaluxingqihou。
（1）cailiaoyizhong“dexiansheng”he“saixiansheng”fenbiezhideshishenme？
tayaobaituozhezhongbuliangxinli，
shiliuhuanxiaoshicongbie，bajiuyinshidaiertong。
luhuawuzhuniaoxianjiang。qiushengancuheshengji，yeseyaolianrisehuang。
（3）xiyudouhu。biaozhizhejinxinjiangdiquguishuzhongyangzhengquanguanxia。
mashaoerqundao、mikeluonixiyahebeilaoyiqikaishiyumeiguojiuweilaizhengzhidiweijinxingtanpan，
shanhubijiazhenzhulv，cenghechenwangjishoushi。
shehanshug(x)1，hanshuh(x)，x（3，a]，qizhongaweichangshuqiea0，linghanshuf(x)g(x)h(x).
bailianqingtongyuanyouxiao。pingpingzhengtulingyao。xiangrenqian、xiangduixiangguan，biebianrongyanfenxiao。haochouyanbinglaoshao。chenfanyiqikanjiao。bicijiazhonglai，zenshengtongneimao。bieyouhuihuiqinmiyao。huanxinjing、zhuxuanmiao。piannenghui、xiangutengjin，younengjian、congqianxujiao。yanyanguanghuiyizi。badangchu、xingzhufanzhao。limiandequanzhen，yongmingmingliaole。
zeFweiNyuansu。
shi10fenxu，laoshanjiaojingdaduizhibanshichuanlaifenjuzhihuizhongxinzhiling：“zailiaoyangdongluqingyingaojiaqiaoxia，yiliangjipucheyuyiliangjiaochexiangzhuang，jipuchejiashiyuanqichetaoyi，jiaocheshangyou3renshoushang，qizhongyirenshangshiyanzhong，yibeisongdaoyiyuanqiangjiu，lijichuxianchang。”
tingwozunqianzuihouge。renshengwangnaibielihe。danshiqingqinqianlijin。xuxin。wuqingduimianshishanhe。jiyushitouchengxiashui。jushi。erjinhunbupafengbo。jieshiweiruouniaoguan。xiangban。yeyingxuedelaoyusuo。
bingfeifoudingjingdiandediwei，
danshitadeweizhiyezaihuanmanbingbuduandebianhuazhu。
meiguolianbangzhengfudejianli
danshishuilifangzeliyongguangxianjifenxiaochulezheyikunhuo，yejiushishuo，zaijulichiyanbuyuanchuyouyidaoguangshu，yundongyuanzaichupengguangshuerweijiangshoudashangchiyanshi，jifenqijiujiangtongguoganyingzhuangzhijiluxiabisaichengji，zheyangjiunengjiangyundongyuandeshuipingfahuidaozuihao。
B.xiaochejingzhishi，Fmgcos，fangxiangchuizhiganxiangshang
（3）tanderanshaoreHkJmol。
guzuixiaozhengshux0.
tigongdezhiliaoshouduanhefangfaduo，
lishiminzaitarenshengdeqianqi，duidaojiaodefangshumixinshibuxieyigude，bingqiehaiduiqinhuanghanwudeqiuxianhuodongchipipandetaidu。
xiyuedankuiloujiao，dongfenganluoyanya。yidengchujianyingchuangsha。youshizhonglianbuxia。yousilvsuifangcao，xianchouduoshiyanghua。yanghuafangcaobiantianya。xiubeichunhanyeye。
jie：ruoguanyuxdebudengshi0dejiejiwei（1，）（，1），
cailiaoer：dayangnengjuyouzongliangjuda、anquanjingji、qingjiewuwurandengyoudian。
huaxuelaiyuanyushenghuo，fuwuyushenghuo。qinghuidaxialieshenghuozhongdeyouguanwenti。
ruzifengliu，mengchangmendi，hexiaxiangdang。qiaoshinianshi，songtazhinv，laijianiulang。mantangzhulvfeishang。kanhuazhu、yingguidongfang。haishishanmeng，congjinjiele，yongxiaoluanhuang。
jie：mingti“duirenyidexR，cosx1”shiyigequanchengmingti，
（1）guodianCzuoCMAB.
yinweijia、yizhiliangxiangdeng，
DzhongdiyanhaipingyuanganhanHlaodongliduanqueguofangbingyuanbuzunanjiwujidu
bawoquyudetezheng，jiehequyuzuidianxingdetedianzhankaifenxi，bentifenxishuiziyuandewentishiguanjian。
shuomingtianpingdezuoduanxiachen，
jishizuobudaozheyidian，woxiangxinyizhongguoduideshili，zaidierlunfujiasaizhong，yeshinenggoushunlijinru20qiangsaide。”
jiangA、B、Csangexiaoqiuxianhoucongtongyizhuangzhi，
huojianfasheshengkongshi，yixiashuofazhengquedeshi（）
da：dingdinghedongdongmeitiansuozouluchengbiwei29:21。
C.bunengtouguolvzhi
fumuzhangbeigeiwomenqimingzi、baohukou，jianhuwomendejiankangchengzhang，zheshiwomenyifaxiangyoudehefaquanli，shuomingfalvbanwomenchengzhang，shejidaoshenghuodefangfangmianmian，zhengque；womendeshenghuozhongbujinjinyoufalv，haiyoudaode、qinqing、youqingdeng，shuofacuowu，paichu。
dangliushouertongzhangdachengwei80houxinyidainongmingongshi，
bpinghenghunhewuzhonggezufendewuzhidiliangfenshuhuozhiliangfenshububian，
yushuichuanchengyan，gonghuaqiluhan。jiuyixiaoxiduan，kongwangbaiyunduan。
shengchanxiaomai、daomi、mianhua、huangma、huasheng、ganzhe、chayedeng。
dianping：bentizuzonghexingqiang，kaochadezhishimianguang，shejidaodezhishidianyouliyongjingweiwangpanduandilifangxiang、diqiuyundongtediandepanduan、quyudilitezhengdefenxi，xuyaoxueshengyoujiaohaodediligongdi。jiedabentideguanjianshi：（1）jingweiwangdepandu。（2）jiayibingdingdixingqudepanduan。
jie：renzaoweixingyantuoyuandeguidaoraodiqiuyunxing，dangtayoujindidianxiangyuandidianyunxingshi，weixingdezhiliangbubian，xiangduidimiandegaoduzengda，zhonglishinengzengda，dongnengbuduanzhuanhuaweizhonglishineng，dongnengbuduanjianxiao。
zai“zongxiong”yi1he“zongxiong”yi2jihuazhong，hanguoxianhougoumaile41jiakayi32duoyongtuzhishengji，qizhong34jiazaihanguohaijinghelinyebufuyi，kongjunzhuangbeile7jia，zhuyaofuzehaianxunluo、senlinfanghuo、souxunhejiuyuandenggongzuo。
xiaoqiupiaofu，
ming、qinghuangdimeinianchundouyaojuxingyizhongjisiyishi。duxiatu，congzhongtouxichudehexinxinxishi（）
pingxingsibianxingABCDzhongbianABsuozaizhixianyupingmianpingxing，zezhixianCDyudeweizhiguanxishi.
wuzhibutong，
xialieduijubingxisuanzhideshuofabuzhengquedeshi（）
D.yinzhenglehanchushixingfenfeng、“tianxiayijia”defanglve
guojiajianliyideyizhixingshiguojiazhijianhezuodezhongyaojichu
jie：Azhong，ydezhiyuwei[0，）；
ruguoshuozhongguoshiyou、zhongguoshihuasuochudeshihuahangyeshizuizhuanqianhangyedehua，namegaosugongluhangyezeyingshizuihuizhuanqiandehangye。
【tishi】『jiang0.96dexiaoshudianxiangyouyidong『2』weihoutianshang“”，kejiangqihuachengbaifenshu。』
dulingyoukehenlaichi。kongkancuiwochengyinri，bujianhongzhumanshushi。
zeduichenxingxiangtong，
xianjunmingfaqu。
xiangyahaiangongyeyizaifazhanzhong，
xiadidongguijiangjiguyuanyouzuo
weishenmeyaojiaqiangzhongwaiwenhuajiaoliu：（1）wenhuaduoyangxingshiwenhuajiaoliudeqianti。
dangx（0，3]shi，youtiyikezhifangcheng1k|x|zhiyouyijie，
tonglikede：PpingmianCBD，
chengxinqueshibushishichangjingjidebiranxianxiang，
nongyediyuleixing
keyikendingdeshi，jinnianqiujidanghuiyoubijiaoshaodexinju(shijishangABCyijingtiqianxuanbuqiujidangbuboyingxinju，zhizuozhongdedabufendingweiyumingnianchunjidang)。
【jiaoliutaolun】dajiajingguotaolunhou，renweixiaohuadecaixiangcuowu，liyoushi。
A.xiaofeicujinchanpinjiegoushengji
lejihuolai，yuyangbingqi。
jingxiangqiankun，zhongjianwanyou，yuanqixunhuangongyitai。
lianjiePGbingyanchangyuADxiangjiaoyudianN，
A.jiaquanbuweiyuxibanqiuzhongweidudiqu
jie：dianAzaizhixianlshang，zhixianlzaipingmianwaikejiweiAl，l.
zhexieyiminshideciquyuderenkoujisushangsheng，
zeerzhehuweitongfenyigouti，
ruohanshug(x2)2x3，zeg(3)dezhiwei（）
shijianshijianyanrenshidezhenlixingdeweiyibiaozhun。
zaiyanchengminsujieshang，xiaomingduiyidiaokeyubanlidami（shangyuanxiaping）shangdeweidiaozuopin“”chanshengnonghouxingqu。
congcifuchenyi，guishanweiweilao。
ciciyoulezhezhang“gaoshouru”pai，aifuruiwaihui（eluosi）gongsifenxibufuzhurenruolannuowarenwei“rujing”jinchenghuidedaojiakuai。
guodianMzuoyuandeqiexian，qiedianweiT，ze|MT|2(51)2(0)21218，
youjizhewen333zhulicheshouwangrui：zenmekanzhechangdasaidexingshi？
pengxiaoxiutanzhinanshen，pinbingsuiyingdaoqiecun。ruanrbunengzhuanbiyan，
jianzimulanhua
chenyingyouzimian，dienongmeirenchai。queyiqingshanshang，yunmenyanzhuzhai。
zuigaofajiushenhuazhuanxiangdouzhenggongzuoxianggejirenminfayuantichu“jiudianyaoqiu”，quanlituidongzhuanxiangdouzhengshenrukaizhan。
B.luntaishoudaodezhonglizuolezhenggong
（3）shengqushiqinghaisheng，zhuyaodeshaoshuminzushizangzu
nalizishumu1124，
pshiqdechongfenbubiyaotiaojian，
sizhizhixiangdianliufangxiang，
nenggoutigongjiejuejutiwentidefangfa
D.tongguoshouzhijiandefengxiguanchariguangdeng，keyikandaocaisetiaowen
A.chunshuishimeiyouqiwei、meiyouweidaodeyeti
C.qigenbentujingshichengxiangyitihua
【zhishidian】『bilichideyingyong』
zhebujinshisheanrenjiangmozhaoshenxianglegengduodeweichengnianxuesheng，erqiehaibaweichengnianshouhairencaozongchengqi“zuoangongju”。
C.diercigongyegemingD.“beiyue”“huayue”dejianli
gucaixiang1buchengli；（3）biaogezhongdeshiyan2xuanzedeqingyanghuanarongyebutong，
ciAchang，yugongxianwang。
（3）liyujieshencanzhijian，qishiwomenyaoshuliyuandadelixiang，ziliziqiang，jijimolizijidewanqiangyizhi，zuoyigezizunzixinderen，leguanmianduishenghuozhongdecuozhehetiaozhan。
《zhongguogongchandangwenzetiaoli》detongguo，
C.pingxilieqiangzaihuamaodun
biaozhizhejingdianlixuelilundetichu，
dangmenkanshaoshi，yizhangfupiyi。meirixinghaizui，wurenshiyufei。
（2）womenyingbatarenduizijidepingjiazuoweirenshizijidebiaozhun。
jie：zaipingxingsibianxingABCDzhong，，
D.tanhuangyasuoliangzuidashi，mukuaijiasuduweiling
（4）Wyuansujitaiyuanzidehewaidianzipaibushishi，Wdanzhiyumounongduxiaosuanfanyingshengchengliangzhongxiaosuanyandehuaxuefangchengshiwei。
fouzehuiyoureliangsanshi，
gongnongjiehedejicenghezuodanwei
A.chongposuliandewaijiaobaowei
C.wutipiaofu，5N
yingguojundui19000ren
diqiuweiraotaiyangdeyundong
zairenmindeyalixia，yihuihejunduizuchengzuigaofatingduiqijinxingshenpan。
weiruojinnangshouyangu，yigjingtuyanfengliu；
【tishi】『mai2zhigangbihua[100(18『』44)]yuanqian。』
，A、B、Csanchusuochudeweidujiejin，qihouchayidadezhuyaoyingxiangyinsushi
dielianhua
（1）tanjiuguochengzhong，nirenweizuiweikunnanyezuiweiguanjiandeshishenme？（2）yingzhibanFdezhuyaozuoyongshishenme？
guBDzhengque。
cailiaoyi2017nian4yue1ri，hebeixionganxinquhengkongchushi。zheshiyixijinpingtongzhiweihexindedangzhongyangzuochudeyixiangzhongdadelishixingzhanlvexuanze，shijishenzhenjingjitequheshanghaipudongxinquzhihouyouyijuyouquanguoyiyidexinqu，shiqianniandaji、guojiadashi。
A.meiguobaquandiweisangshi
Mnyuansugongjiangdi3jia，
3yuefenF3pingjiechaowanliangdeyejiyijusharuquanguocheshipinpaixiaoliangqianshidehanglie，
“daopianfuwuqidaibiaoweilaifuwuqifazhanfangxiang，zhengfucaigouyizhigulihezhichiguoneiqiyezizhuchuangxin，TC2600jiushishuguangzizhuyanfashengchanchudegaowending、gaokeyong、gaomidu、gaoxingnengdedaopianfuwuqi，zheshishuguangyingdezhengfucaigoudezhuyaoyuanyin。”
zeliangwuzhiqiahaowanquanfanyingshi，
FeCl3juyoujingshuizuoyong，
daan：zhengzai；yehua。
laorenkanshubudaiyanjing，siweiyehenminjie。
zhengjishangyangqidedianzifashenghaiyuanfanyingshengchengqingyanggenlizidaozhiliangtongneiqitiyaqiangjiangdi，
duiyuanxudeenwanxidishuo，“kexiyoujigeduiyuanzaiguojiaduijixun，xiwangxiacidajianenggoudoulai，yiqiganshoujianshezhemenweiguojiazuogongxiandejingshen。”
【tishi】『zhengmingBDpingmianCB1D1，zhixuzhengmingBDyupingmianCB1D1neideyitiaozhixian『pingxing』.』
D.guanshangchuanghu，lashanghouchuanglian
zhongying《nanjingtiaoyue》jiqifujianguidingdetiaokuanzhong，zuinengfanyingchuyingguofadongyapianzhanzhengmudideshi（）
zhibianmufuzi，pengxihuaimaogong。
zeUU0IR00.6A2012V；（2）youtuxiangzhi，
80。gudaanwei：150；80。
hedangshouzhenjian，dezhaotianwushu。yiyiwenchaozong，fangyingketanxi。
yeshilianjieouzhou、yinduyangyanangangkouyutaipingyangxiangangkoudezhongyaohangdaobailinghaixiashiyazhouhebeimeizhoudefenjiexian，
heyangliushangshuxiliangdihangongzhuanwuxinglu……
juminshouruchajuyiranjiaoda，bufenqunzhongshenghuomianlinyixiekunnan
xiangshucanghaijue，yinlucuiweitong。jijixiangsiji，guGcanlouzhong。
daan：（1）jinshu；55；（2）AC。
rutusuoshidedianlu，bihekaiguanhouliangdengdounengfaguang，dianyuandianyawei3.8V，qiedianyabiaoV1deshishurutusuoshi，zedianyabiaoV2deshishushiV，L1liangduandedianyashiV，L2liangduandedianyashiV。
B.rongyezhiliangbubian
D.shuipingfangzhideyuantaishifushitushiyigeyuan
（1）ji“jiahuosheng”weishijianC，youhuchishijianyouyigefashengdegailvyuxianghudulishijiantongshifashengdegailvjisuangongshizhi
jie：A、Ashuyuguyechangwenxing；B、yongjiaregaomengsuanjiadefangfazhiquyangqi，
guDzhengque。
dangshizisishazhetoushuiniudeshihou，nashubaitoushuiniujiuzaibuyuanchugeanguankan。
shiApingzhongyaliwending；（2）jian；fentai（huojiajicheng）；（3）100；（4）piandi；（5）fangzhixiaosuanyinjianguangfenjie；2.8103；（6）3；2CoCl22NH4Cl10NH3H2O22[Co(NH3)6]Cl32H2O；wenduyuegaoguoyanghuaqingfenjie、anqiyichu。
dianliubiaoceRzhiludedianliu。
jie：A、zhetangbunengyuweisuanzhongdeyansuanfanying，bunengyongyuzhiliaoweisuanguoduo，gucuowu；B、shiyanrongyechengzhongxing，bunengyongyuzhiliaoweisuanguoduo，gucuowu；C、xiaosudanengyuyansuanfanying，keyiyongyuzhiliaoweisuanguoduo，guzhengque；D、shicuxiansuanxing，bunengyongyuzhiliaoweisuanguoduo，fanerhuijiaju，gucuowu。
100gshuizhongzuiduorongjie0.11g，
yaohupachuxizigu，leichezapozhinvji。yixipoyangsizhongjianyijie，
houlangzhongxinzhixihu
baisuilansuishenchushamoganhanzhidi，danjuhaiyuanjiaojin，daliangdehaiwupiaodaoshamozhishang，lengquedewushuihuichongchongdilaxialai，tongguoshuodadeyepiancaijilaiziyejianxingchengdelushuizhongdeshiqi，zheyeweibaisuilantigongleyuanyuanbuduandeshengmingshuiyuan。
xiaichuiyinye，chenguangdongjiliu。jiashanyiyemeng，bianshixinianyou。
yueduxiamiancailiao，sikaobingwanchengxialiewenti。
guDzhengque。
——zhaibianzibaishouyi《zhongguotongshi》deng
penyunxiewucangbanfu，suiyoujuedingshuinengqiong。
Caerbeisishanmaibushidazhoufenjiexian，guCxuanxiangcuowu；
juliaojie，zhexiehaizidejiazhangdaduoweiwailairenyuan，rujinzinvruyuanyudaomafan，jiazhangmendoujiaojiwanfen，xiwangdangdizhengfujinzaojiejuecishi，biedanwulehaizidejiaoyu。
B.zuoshaobeizhongrongyedexuehongsezhujiantunqu
ciwai，ribenqiyedaduofengxingyiribenbentuweizhudejizhongxingjuece，zaihuajigouquefazizhuxing，juecewangwangxuyaocengcengshangbao，dedaozongbupishihoucainengzhixing，juecechihuandailaidenanmianshiyejidejiejiebaitui。
ruguoshiyutian，
guDcuowu；guxuanB。
mengzhuzhizaibalingdao。cengsuishangjiangguoqilian，lijiashinianhengzaibian。
yuanrizaochaochenggushengzhugong
erNH3derongjiedujiaoda，
xialieguanyudianfenhexianweisudexushuzhong，buzhengquedeshi（）
B.chunqiuzhengba
jingguodianM（1，5）qieqingxiejiaoweidezhixian，yidingdianMdaodongdianPdeweiyitweicanshudecanshufangchengshi（）
yukejiuyimo，weiyanwuchuqiu。kongyubaiyunzai，rongyusuiguzhou。
jie：A、yongsuanxingKMnO4rongyejiangFe2yanghuachengFe3，zaizhuanhuaweiFe(OH)3chendianchuqu，dantongshiyinruzazhiliziK、Mn2，zhexielizizaihouxufanyingzhongnanyichuqu，yingxiangshengchan，yingxuanzeguoyanghuaqingzuoyanghuaji，gucuowu；
jizongjushuyueduo，jiahuoshengdekenengxingyueda（jijiahuoshengdegailvyueda）
xiaolengzhuidedimianzhijingyuyuanlengzhuidedimianbianzhangzhibiwei1:2，
jie：A、xiankuangzaiyundongguochengzhong，mianjibubian、ciganyingqiangdububian，chuanguoxiankuangdecitongliangbubian，buchanshengganyingdianliu，guAcuowu；
junshuonanchaoquanshengri，molingcaizigengduoren。
xianjidisanren，shirenguchengqu。xiyulixisheng，qinggaimingjiji。
yizhi：suliandezhanlvekuozhangduizhongmeigouchengzuidaanquanweixie
longshanmenbuyuan，luyuanlufeiyao。hezhuxianshenqu，hexudaikezhao。
bentikaochadezhuyaozhishidianweiheliudimaodefayu。heliudimaoshiheliuzuoyongyudiqiubiaomiansuoxingchengdegezhongqinshi、duijixingtaidezongcheng。baokuogougu、qinshipingyuandengheliuqinshidimaohechongjipingyuan、sanjiaozhoudengheliuduijidimao。
（2）jiawan（CH4）weizhengsimiantifenzi；
1870nian，yingguozhengfubanbushumiyuanling，guiding“fanweijingkaoshibingchiyouhegezhengshudeyilvbudecongshirenheshiwuxingguanzhi”，biaozhizheyikaoshirenzhiweihexindeyingguowenguanzhidudezhengshiqueli。
shengmingshizhenguide，yeshicuiruode，shiduanzande，shengmingzhiyouyici，womenxuyaozhenxishengming，zhengqueduidaishengmingzhongdecuozhe，jiankufendoushixianzijideshengmingjiazhi，buyaoqingyifangqishengming，buyaofangqishengdexiwang，zhengque；cuowu，haixuyaoguanaitarendeshengming。
ruguoliangzhongshangpindegongyongxiangtonghuoxiangjin，keyimanzurenmendetongyixuyao，zheliangzhongshangpinjiuhuweitidaipin。ruguoliangzhongshangpinbixuzuhezaiyiqicainengmanzurenmendemouzhongxuyao，zheliangzhongshangpinjiushihubushangpin。hanbaoyuyinliao、dayinjiyumoheshuyuhubushangpin。qiyouyutianranqi、yumiyuxiaomaishuyutidaishangpin。
zuinengquanmiangaikuoshangshucailiaozhuzhideshikejiaoxingguo。
humenhaitan
hanshuyx22x5dezhiyuwei.
takeshizaishishijiuhenshouhuanying，buxiangyouxieyinyuejiaguoshihenduoniandajiacaiyuelaiyuejuedehao。
caomujiqubie，rongkunadengyi。
【zhishidian】『chongfentiaojianyubiyaotiaojian』
daxiaoxiangdeng、fangxiangxiangfan，
zhedanlianqianma，yingoutuoduohuan。caisangchunmoshang，tacaoxiyangjian。
wugengli，piekandoubiaowuchaique。zhenghetianxinwoyun，kanzuoshangtianhoushe。xiangzhongyangle，yuhuajie。zhuodeqingxuzhehuijue。bianyongyongchushengmie。cigezizaixiaoyao，weiyuduhuiniannian。haifenger，zenshengshuo。
genjuliangdianzhijiandejuligongshikedeA、Bliangdiandejuliwei
guDxuanxiangcuowu。
A.shuiyindijiangbuyidong
gaoerwenjiazuzhangquanshidaidemotuoluolayecengjiweizhongshizhongguo,bingzaizhongguoqudelejudadechenggong。
yangqidemidubishuixiao，
（2）yizhin，rweizhengzhengshu，qienr3.qiuzheng：renhesigexianglindezuheshu，，，bunenggouchengdengchashulie.
bingmeiyoujianshaozhengfudecaizhengshouru，
zaiqunianrongwei750shangshizhichu，cengyouxiaoxicheng，shangqiweitadingxiale3wanliangdenianxiaoshoumubiao。
jiedek，jitan0.
B.zuofafuhequanliyuyiwuyizhixingyuanze
bufuheerlipinghengdetiaojian，
zuotianwanshang，jizheyuyuanzaiyanandezhangyongfuqinqudelelianxi。
qixishuwei2，
C.zhuizhulirunzhijiafanjia
da：（1）R1liangduandedianyawei5V；
wuzhenshenyou，xiaojichang、chengguantoudu。eqingli、sunyuyiya，zhengfuqianlu。lurujiangnantiandikuo，huangyuncuilangqianqianmu。youpoweng、sanwuxixiangying，lintianfu。xuancezhang，xunyoupu。xuanqie}，chengaozu。yicishenguiqu，zhulingdanfu。bugushushengjingmengduan，shachuangxiaozhenmeihuangyu。barenjian、wanshiyibankan，toufangxu。
（1）xiangsisanjiaoxingduiyingdejiaoxiangdeng；
yigezhiliangshi60gdejidanxuanfuzaiyanshuizhongbudongshi，tashoudaodefulishiN，ruguowangyanshuizhongbuduanzhuruqingshui，jidanjiang（tian“xiachen”“shangfu”huo“budong”）。（gqu10Nkg）
yongbudenghaohuodenghaolianjiexialiegeshi：
rucidadebutielidu，zuyizhengmingzhengfuduigaoxiaojienengchanpintuidongdejuexin。
dizhengeirenmendailaideyingxiang：
changwenxiaB2shiqiti，taduiH2dexiangduimidushi16；
（1）xiechufoumingti，panduanqizhenjia，bingzhengmingnidejielun.
yuansanjiaoxingABCdegaoOCa，
zhengshiyouyuqizunao，shidehanchaodeshichenbudebutingzhiqianjin。
xiaogangjiaxinfangzizhuangxiushi，chuangtaishangpuleyizhongjiao“renzaoshi”decailiao，xiaoganghenhaoqi，zheshiyizhongshenmewuzhine？
B.jiaquanfenzishiyouyigetanyuanziheyigeshuifenzigouchengde
tongguanjichangcuguiqi，jindianzhucanqiuyuyi。
（4）jishengchonglei
foluolunsaherenayashiouzhoushouxianzhizaojinbidelianggeguojia，
【jietisiludianbo】
zuihoujinrurenyan，
jiangyu2011nianluochengtouchandezhejiaxingongchang，shilangshengyoushiyilaidezuidayibidanxiangtouzi，qichanpindingjixiangjiaozhuyaoyongyuluntaizhizao。
guzhengque；tongguoshehuigongshizhiduyouzhuyujuecechongfenfanyingminyi，
jixiaoqiuyanxiemianhuadaodiduandeshijianwei2s，shuipingweiyiwei20m；
1944nian5yue21ri，lilvjituanjunzongbuguanbingzuoyouchongtu，zuzaiqinjiapoxianrurijunfujiquan。
kebenwenben
（1）nanfang；beifang；yaredaichanglvkuoyelin；handi；xiaomai
yunxuyixielingshouyeheqinggongyechuxiansiyingyezhe，
B.minshisusongfa
suhuashuo‘neihangkanmendao，waihangkanrenao。
tianshangrenjianzhujingbei，
jiyiziranguochengdezuoyonglaijieshishehuihejingjifazhandejincheng，congerguijieyudilihuanjingjuedingzhengzhitizhi，henmingxian，jienengjianpaibunengtixiangaisixiang。
juedingfanyingsulvdeshidi1gefanying，
ADshiBACdepingfenxian，DEAB，
“phuoq”weizhen，Acuowu；
guDxiangcuowu。
【zhongnandianfenxi】
minglvjianyutanglv，yanyusonglv。
xierenjixinshiji
youjiwuAfenzishiweiC2H4，
2x2(xa)2a42a，dangqiejindangxa1shiqudenghao.
（2）qiuABdezhongdianMdeguijifangcheng.
kexuezhishouduiyurenleideliangcidajishizhiniudundejingdianlixueyudaerwendejinhualun，
chengjilihanwei，jiangyuanzizba。huabiaoliaowangmu，caidihuangqiongjia。
guBxiangcuowu；xianshizhuyiwenxueshenrupouxishehuishenghuodebenzhi，
cishihanbianfuhaoweifu，
yuguotianqing，weilandetianjiyidaocaihongfeijia。niyekeyizhizuocaihong：zaikaojinqiangbizhaodedaoyangguangdedifangfanggezhuangmanshuidelianpen，zaibajingzixiezhefangrushuizhong，rangjingziduizheqiangbi，tongshiyangguangyenengzhaodaojingzishang，dangshuimianpingjingshi，caihongjiuhuichuxianzaiqiangshang，shishikan，bingshuomingqizhongdedaoli。
womenganjuezhenggeshichangdefazhanhaiburuwomenyuqideyaokuai，
D.3yiji2，3erjiajiwuwan
（2）genjucailiaoyi,yongshujushuomingchangjiangshizhongguodiyidahe。
（2）youtukezhi，congBdidaoCdijuhaiyuelaiyuejin，jiangshuiyuelaiyueduo，yantuziranjingguanchengxianhuangmocaoyuandebianhua，qizhuyaoyingxiangyinsushihailuweizhi。
zhongxiayoudefenjiedianshimengjin，
dengshichang17nianhou“dierci”huiguangzhoujiaxiangtanqin，zheciweinengjiandaotadefuqin，yinweilaorenjiayizaijinianqianqushile。
shuomingrongyechengjianxing，
【zhishidian】『hanshumoxingdexuanzeyuyingyong』
keyixingchenghuahewuCO2，
rongyezhongc(OH)0.1molL，
qiangdiaoshehuizerenzhenglishishiming，
A.dongtian，zaijiebingdemalushangsayixiexishayifangbianlurenxingzou
daan：4huo2.
shiyuansunianxiaochujin，bieshirenjianqingjingweng。
【jietisiludianbo】
xuexiaoxianbuhuapan。shiquzhi、zaochunjiangban。yingtaozhishangzuixiandao，quehenxiaomeifangqian。hujingfushuishuanglaiyan。anziyi、gurenyouyuan。yifenfengyuzhanchunchou，yilaiyouduihuachangduan。
ruguodangstshi，
sichouzhilushixihanzhengfuweilianhedayueshijiajixiongnu，paizhangqianchushixiyu，shihanchaohexiyudejingjiwenhuajiaoliuriyizengduo，shangrenjianghanchaodesi、sizhipindaliangyundaoxiyuhouzaizhuanyundaoxiyaheouzhoudeqingkuangxiachuxiande。tazaigengdachengdushangshiyizhongzhengfuxingweizhihoudeminjianxingweisuodaozhidejieguo。
xisailuoshiluomagongheguowanqidezhumingzhengzhijiahefaxuejia，taweiguluomaguojiadiandingleyizhongzhengzhifalvzhexuejichu，beiyuwei“ziranfazhifu”。genjuxiangguanshishikezhi，zailuomadefazhanguochengzhong，xianhouchanshenglexiguanfa、《shiertongbiaofa》，gongminfahewanminfa。
telangpuxuancheng，jianshuizhuyaoshizhenduizhongchanjieji，xiangtazheyangdefurenbingbuhuicongzhongshouyi。
demianji：r322r1r2r322r1r2；
changbeiporaogaoyuandongyijinruyaanjingnei，
songxieshierpanguan
C.eryanghualiukeyiyushuifanyingxingchengyaliusuan，yaliusuanyuqingyanghuanafanyingshengchengyaliusuanna，yaliusuannajuyouhuanyuanxing，guCzhengque；
【zhishidian】『xiaoshudejiafahejianfa』
【tishi】『sangepingmiandeweizhibuqueding，keyizhiyoulianggepingmianpingxing，yekeyiliangliangpingxing、liangliang『xiangjiao』.』
（2）kaotingdaoshengyindexiangdupanduanbushitaizhiguan，juyouhendadewucha，fanganbuheshi，erceliangtingbudaoshengyindejulijiaoweizhiguan，juyoukekaoxing；
rutu，zaiABCzhong，ABAC，ABdechuizhipingfenxianjiaoACyudianE，chuizushidianD，ruoBCEdezhouchangwei7，ACBC3，zeAB，BC.
anquanlishihuiguanyunansudanwentidedi2206
chihuoshibiaozhun、zuhuofangshi、jiucanxingshihechuishitiaojianfashenglelishixingbiange。
wenzhangdechangdujibendouzai1200zuoyou，shenzhiyoujigeSection，womenzhuzizhujuduwanzaizuoti，shijianyedounengkongzhizai20fenzhongnei。
she（x，y，z）shipingmianAECdeyigefaxiangliang，
C.duiyufanying，hengrongshi，wendushenggao，H2nongdujianxiao，zegaifanyingdehanbianweizhengzhi
dierxiaowenjiehesuoxuezhishikezhi，zhongguoshehuidexingzhijuedinglezhongguogemingdetedian。
yingkejuekongqijiare；（5）dianjiechideyangjishiyanglizifashengshidianzideyanghuafanying，
biru，zaifujiashizuoweiqianjiazhuangshache，jiuxiangjiaolianchenayang，gongpeijiarenyuanzaijinjiqingkuangxiashiyong。
C.wendujikeyongyujiaobanrongye
A.shiwudeyundong、bianhuashifazhan
suoyiyuanxinweiyudierxiangxian.
shuofaguoyujuedui，ziqiangzhishishixianrenshengmengxiangdeyinsuzhiyi。hunxiaolezixinheziqiangdegainian，ziqiangkeyirangrengengzixin。tiganzhongbubeishenghuokunjingsuozhanshengderen，ziqiangbuxidezhanshengcuozhehekunnan，shixianlerenshengmubiao，guzhengqueqiefuhetiyi。
chouchangyanxiabanlv。jianyiciyuguiqu。bunianwolingding，shouyiqingqinghuandu。huandu。huandu。zhongriwuqingwuxu。
daan：diandongji；xia。
gongfangboyicao，shiyinbushizhou。woshitangshishu，shitangzhitianchou。
rutusuoshi：（2）weibaohudianlubihekaiguanqian，
quzhenahoumenyanzhitongpuliu，
D.gongminhefadeguxi、hongli、fangzushouru
C.suoyousuliaodourongyiranshaobingchanshengyouduqiti
tianpingdedushuweim100g20g1g121g；youtudingzhi，
guzhengque.
zhengfangtidesangeshitudoushizhengfangxing，sanlengtaidesangeshitudoubutong，suoyidoubumanzutiyi；
D.dishiqifudachengjietizhuang
hengyangyanshengche，xiangbinchunliuhui。ganwuniansuohuan，zhizhunanchengwei。
yannuoweibeianliudong
B.tianezaishuizhongdaoying，shiguangdezheshexingchengdexuxiang
【jietisiludianbo】
（2）tuzhongyouwoguodiyidahe，gaiheliufayuanyusheng，zhuruhai。
tiaotifangzitaipo，tiaotiwocaizuoxianle，tiaotiwoyaotatiantianhuijia。
huxiansheng，30sui，danrenyijiagangzigongsijingli。
C.Uxingboliguanliangduandeyemianbianweiyoudizuogao
（3）yongxiangyizhishiguanzhongzhudidijiaxiyansuan，guanchadao“tonglv”，rongyechengse，tongshiyoudaliangchansheng。
（5）Myingshuyudiqiuquancengzhongde
zhidaosanxiangshui，gaoqingsihaoshan。
【zhishidian】『pingmiandejibenxingzhiyutuilun』
2003nianyihoudeshinianjian，xuduolaiziluomaniya、taiguo、zhongguo、feizhou、nanmeizhoudegongrenzaiyiseliedingju。
C.wuzhiBdezhiliangfenshuzengjiale
D.disijibingchuanduijizuoyong
（3）naotanshaonianchengyudongjuyoushenmepinzhi？zheyipinzhidizhongyaoneirongyouneixie？zenyangcainengshizijijuyouzhezhongpinzhi？
C.yongxiyansuanchushuigou
nengyuFeCl3rongyefashengxiansefanying
liulanjiankang、youyidexinxi，
【jietisiludianbo】
zhidinghuifeifentanbiebiaodejibenyuanzeshi“zhifunengli”yuanze，jianhuiyuanguodegezijingjishilifentanlianheguodehuifei。
jie：dutukezhi，（1）xibeidiqudetesemeishishikaoquan；qingcangdiqushanyuezongheng，bingchuanguangbu；beifangdiqumeitieshiyouziyuanfengfu；nanfangdiquyousejinshukuangchanziyuanfengfu，jumindezhushishimifan。
cailiaozhongjiangnanshizhentudisuoyouquanfensanhuadequshidechuxian，shidangshishangpinjingjidefazhan、zibenzhuyimengyadejieguo，yincidaozhirenmenzhongshishangyeerdanhuanongye，keguanshangyouliyuxindejingjiyinsudezengzhang。
“fenghuang”haohuoxingtanceqicedehuoxingbeijideturangchengruojianxing，ruguohuoxingjubeizuowushengzhangdetiaojian，xialiezuowujiaoshiyizaihuoxingbeijizhongzhideshi（）
（3）huanghededishanghejingguanweiyuhuanghexiayou，jituyizhongdeheduan。
3Gdonglihu，yalihu？
（4）jishiduilishijianyoushihuchishijian.zhishaoyouyigebaiqiuhedoushihongqiubunengtongshifasheng，jishihuchishijian.zhishaoyouyigebaiqiujiushiyaomehongbaiyaomebaibai，jinjinshengxiahonghongdekenengxing，suoyichulezhishaoyigebaiqiu，jiushilianggehongqiu，gushiduilishijian.
tixianleguojiaduiweichengnianrendeteshubaohu
A.chongfenbubiyaotiaojian
changanjindianxunyoubian，luoyangxunyouhuanglongjian。qianchengwanqiruleizhuan，
yiyoufahuapo、nishiliu
【xiaoti2】yuzhengmianxiangbi，yueqiubeimianhuanxingshangengduo，kenengshibeimian
xianliudianzudezuzhiR1，dianyuandediandongshiE12V，neizur0.5。
antalaha（Antalaha）
taderizhishi18shijiweishubuduodejibumiaoxiemadajiasijiananbushenghuodewenxuezuopinzhiyi。
shuinengfangufeng，daijunbingguojun。
(3)yazhoudezhongxibudiqu，shenjuneilu，juhaijiaoyuan，jiangshuixishao，qihouganhan，yinciheliuxishao；xierheheamuheshishijieshangliangtiaozhumingdeneiliuhe。
A.xiaohao1shengqiyou，yichezuiduokexingshi5qianmi
yinweiyuanxindaozhixian3x4y20dejulid1r，
【jietisiludianbo】
caixiang1：fulidedaxiaoyuyetidemiduyouguan。
zuchengdiyuexidiqiuyuqitaweiraotaiyanggongzhuandexingxing、weixing、huixing、liuxingti、xingxingjiwuzhidenggongtongzuchengletaiyangxitaiyangyouheqitahengxing，
fanyingdehuaxuefangchengshiwei：2MgO22MgO；（2）suoyoudehuaxuebianhuadouzunxunzhiliangshouhengdinglv；（3）genjutiganxinxi，
【tishi】『huaweizhijiaozuobiaoshi，cos『x』，sin『y』.』
gongzuoyalijiushigongchengyali。
wuhouguimenjiaobudao，shumushantianshenzigeng。xinglailangjiwuyuanjin，
jie：keduchishichangdudecelianggongju。
qizixiangqinshou，xingzhiyilinzu。
conglaihaishangxiantaoshu，kenzhurenjianfengluqiu。
【jietisiludianbo】
jie：yinweidi10gebingrenzhiyuyufou，yuqita9renwurenheguanxi，
（3）chucailiaoyizhongtidaodeyiwai,taiyanghuodongduidiqiudeyingxianghaiyouneixie?
guBzhengque，ACDcuowu。
shuinengjiciming，mingliuxilanshe。wuFyouqianwen，siyanwofeizha。
……zhuyaoshiwomenzhegeguojiazhejinianfazhanqilaile，shigexingwangfadadeguojia，youliliangdeguojia……dangran，xianggangwentinenggoujiejuehao，haishi……genbenfangzhenhuozheshuozhanlvegaoduile……zhongyingshuangfangnulidejieguo。
juedaduoshulishixuejiarenwei“gongyuan1500nianqianhoushirenleilishishangdeyigezhongyaofenshuiling，congcirenleidelishicaichengdeshangshizhenzhengyiyishangdeshijieshi”。qizhuyaoyuanyinshi（）
da：keyizifajinxing。
yingyingyichishui，haohaoqianzhanghe。
jiuzhonggaohengpaijianti，baoshiqingchuyinbaishui。
C.caizhengweigaishanrenminshenghuotigongwuzhibaozhang
（1）zhengming：A、B、Dsandiangongxian；
zaiB、Chuoyanshangfangdeshaobeineibishangyoushuizhuchuxian，
【zhishidian】『yiweishuchuliang、sanweishu』
cailiaozhongzhujiaqiangdiaole“renyu”zhongbaohanyoutianlideyinsu，lizhirenwei“li”jiuzaibaixingrichangshenghuozhizhong，meiyouba“rensui”dengtongyu“tianli”，yemeiyouba“tianli”he“renyu”wanquanduili、qubieduidai，guABDsanxiangpaichu。
jiangyuanmingtidejielunhetiaojiandefoudingfenbiezuoweimingtidetiaojianhejielun，jiweiqinifoumingti，
（2）ruonengshisuanxingKMnO4rongyetuishai，zekenengdejiegoujianshiwei、、。
daimeirenchoujingqiyi
youyuduichenxing，zefangchengy1ax2bxcdelianggejiex1，x2guanyuzhixianxduichen，
D、daoguandeyiduanyaocharumuhuoyandezhongxinbuweishiyinweimuhuoyanzhongxinbufenweiyuyangqijiechuranshao，rengweishilazhengqi，gucuowu；
zuoshangxianyuanxianggong
fengheshengzhinanjiaolibiTyan
yixiangguanyuhaiwaihuarenzhuangkuangdeyanjiugujidangshihaiwaihuarendeyinianzongsuodeyueyou2.65wanyizhi3.09yimeiyuan，
chudiwujujiaduihuoshengdegailvshiwai，qiyumeijubisaijiaduihuoshengdegailvdoushi.jiashegejubisaijieguoxianghuduli.
cuowu；nongmingongyouxiaoxuqiuzengjia，
A.fenduzhibutong
2008nian3yue1rizaoshang，xinrenshidewangyouwuhaosongwohuidaojia。
2013nian10yue25ri，
tongguodaotidedianliuyudaotiliangduandedianyachengzhengbi；（5）meicigenghuandianzuhou，
guDxiangzhengque。
cong1daoNyeshichuangxin。
——xuzhongyue《zhongguojindaishi（16002000zhongguodefendou）》
erjihangdao：ketonghangu30002000dun
（3）ludishenjinhaiyangdetuchubufenjiaobandao，goutonglianggehaiyangdexiazhaishuidaojiaohaixia。
B.weilezhengdunwenhuashichang
guzuixiaozhiwei2.
1898nian9yue21ri，cixitaihoufadongzhengbian，wuxubianfashibai。xialieguanyuwuxubianfadeyingxiang，shuofazhengquedeshi（）
jiangchengwantiao
houlaidaliangdesirengongyezairibenchuxianshi，zhengfudeyiyuanhezhengcerengqidaohendadezuoyong。
nanshanhouhaipianqudeshouyudichanjinnian7yuecairushi，xianzai，qibaolichenghuayuandianyijiangyue15pingfangmideyibandianmiantengkongchulai，yongzuozhaozu。
（2）jutukezhi，tuzhongrenwuweilishizhen。genjucailiaozhongdui《bencaogangmu》demiaoshujisuoxuekezhi，lishizhenbupajiannandejingshenheyili，guangfanshidikaochadekexuefangfa，buchixiawendeqianxutaidu，kekuzuanyandejianqiangyizhi，bumangcongguxundechuangxinyongqidouzhidewomenxuexi。
【zhishidian】『duoweixiaoshudedaxiaobijiao』
feiqihuangjinlei，xiangchecuidianzhuang。bazhenluoshanfu，wucaidoukuangchuang。
chuiyangjieguandao，maowuyigaopo。yuexiachuntangshui，fengzhongmushuge。
【zhishidian】『xiaoshudianyidongyinqixiaoshudaxiaobianhuadeguilv』
muqian，tadanrenchaoxianguojiananzu、nvzuheqingshaonianduideguwen。
（3）nanshaqundaozhoubiandeguojiayouneixie？。
zaitanjiuyingxiangfulidaxiaodeyinsushi，moubantongxuecaixiangfulidaxiaokenengyuyetidemidu、wutijinmozaiyetizhongdeshenduyijiwutipaikaiyetidetijiyouguan。
jie：A、B、Csangexiaoqiuzaishuipingfangxiangdouzuoyunsuzhixianyundong，
yinci，jingguoshensuobianhuanhou，tuoyuan1bianchengtuoyuanx21，rutu（2）suoshi.
gunengbabeiyongyoutongzhongdeqiyouquanbudaoruyouxiang。
daan：（1）jiujingdeng；（2）AE（huoAC）。
keheliliyonglaodongliziyuan。
【tishi】『diyituxingdemianjiji『7』gedemianjihe。』
xialieshuofazhengquedeshi()
huanghuadanyemanjiangcheng，zanaijiangtoufengjingqing。
chenyinliaozhizhu。
jie：dianshiyaokongqiqianduandefaguangerjiguan，nengfachubutongdehongwaixianlaishixiandianshiyaokong，hongwaixianshikanbujiandeguang。
jinguanjinnianjinqian8geyuedetudigongjichaoguolequnianquannian，ranerzaidaliangshangshigongsizijinyongrutudishichangdebeijingxia，yaogaibianzhezhongsengduozhoushaodejumian，duoshaoxiandeyouxiezhuojinjianzhou。
duwoqiuchuangguiweixiang。payudianpiaoliang。yurenzhizaichuyunbang。yezhulei、guohunhuang。xifengjinyewutongleng，duanwumeng、daoyuanyang。qiuzhengershiwushengzhang。qinggezi，naisiliang。
womenjiangweituoyigedisanfanggongsiyuzhongguoyidongqianyuejinxinghezuo，
youqipaochansheng；xiangbingrongyezhongdiruAgNO3rongye，
zaiyouhuaguimojiegou、wanshanzhengcezhidu、tuidongjunminronghefazhandengfangmiandegaigeshangqudezhongyaochengguo，
jie：（1）mahemiandoushuyutianranxianwei，gugaichenshandexianweizhongleishuyutianranxianwei；（2）keyiranshao，wenqiwei，youshaozhiqiweideshitianranzhiwuxianwei，bingqietianranxianweiranshaokuai，huijinshao；hechengxianweiranshaoshixianweijuansuo，huijinweiheiheseyingkuai，gukeyongzhuoshaodefangfajinxingjianbie。
jif1(x)，f1(x)dedingyiyuwei[0，1）.
D.zaitshike，huiluzhongdeganyingdianliudiyicigaibianfangxiang
yiqiceshinenggoukuaisuhuodeceshijieguo，keguanzhunquepingjiamianhuaneizaizhiliang。
xiaoxuliyongrutushiyanlaiyanjiuwutidongnengdaxiaoyuneixieyinsuyouguan。rangzhiliangbutongdegangqiucongxiemianshangtongyigaodujingzhishifang，gangqiuyundongdaoxiemiandibu，tuidongmukuaiyundongyiduanjulihoutingxia。shiyanshujujianxiabiao：
B.dangdemingchengweizhongguogongchandang
（12）baohai：huihuaizhuangjia、pohuaifangwu；longjuanfeng
zuishenchu380mi，
【jietisiludianbo】
jie：youxyuyhuweidaoshukedexy1，ze.
danggujiachuyugaoweishi，toujijihuiyidingyuangaoyutouzijihui，suoyijinniannengzhuanqiandegupiaoduobanshihui“jianggushi”de。
baishouxiaotiaojuhanpu，qingyinbianjihaotanxi。yourenshoushiyingruyu，
yinweipingziderongjibubian，suoyisuozhuangshuidezuidatijiwei：
lvqigenqingyanghuajiarongyezaiyidingtiaojianxiafashengruxiafanying：Cl2KOHKXKY（weipeiping），KXzaiyidingtiaojianxianengzishenfanying：KXKYKZ（weipeiping，KYyuKZguanxibiwei1:3），yishangKX、KY、KZjunshiyiyuansuandejiayan，youyishangtiaojiantuizhizaiKXzhonglvdehuahejiashi（）
4638125.4122.2BDAkeyitiaojieqihou，keyiguangainongzuowu，keyicujinhailujiandaxunhuan
（2011fujian）duaodaliyatu，huidawenti
meihuayouyishuxiangfen。shuxiangyidexianchunxin。xiangyuluhuaqing。lunongchousharen。jiuduochouyuzhong。ciyishuinenggong。leishiranyiban。yeshuangjinlvhan。
jie：A、10gejidandezhiliangdayue1jin，er1jin500g，suoyiyigejidandezhiliangzai50gzuoyou，guAbufuheshiji；
dang12shi，de；
tongguomeizaxianquandecitongliangyexiangtong，
D、dianbingxianggongzuoshitongguodedianliuyuewei1.5A1500mA，xuanxiangcuowu。
（2）NO2、NOhunheqitiwuzhidiliangzhihewei0.5mol，4.48LCH4dewuzhidiliangwei0.2mol，shehunheqitizhongNO2、NOwuzhidiliangfenbieweixmol、ymol，zexy0.5，xy0.2，jiedex0.3mol，y0.2mol。
yijiaxiangsongrunanshan。mailaishinvjiaorenjia，cidechaoyizaiqiexian。
（3）yaoqiuzhiyoudanzhishengchengdefenjiefanying，changjiandefanyingshidianjieshuifanying，shengchengyangqiheqingqi，2H2O2H2O2。
【zhishidian】『24shijishifa』
songshaoyue
A.mengzizairujiadediweishangsheng
qiu4heqiu5.
zhongzongsihaotianyuezhangzhonggongzhujishengtan
jijingdipanguan
yangyingxiangqihoubijiao
jiehesuoxuekezhi，“zhanshigongchanzhuyi”zhengcedezhuyaoneirongyou，nongye——yuliangzhengjizhi；gongye——jiangdazhongxiaogongyeqiyequanbushixingguoyouhua；shangye——quxiaoziyoumaoyi；qita——shixingpubianyiwulaodongzhi。
C.tangxuanzongtongzhishiqi
xingyoutianzhebi。
tafengrenjiushuoerxifuruheruhehao。
jiehegaiyuansushouheng，
D.sandizhongdizhouzhangbianhuazuida
C.tuanjiekangriD.hepingjianguo
shilierguandian：shanganbianfahouqinguoshixingtudiguoyouzhi。
zedianliubiaozhizhenpianzhuanjiaodubutong，
C.zhuanbianjiuyeguannian，shulizhengquedejiuyeguan
dezhuyaozhishidianwei：nanshuibeidiaozhongxiangongcheng。
weilezaigengdafanweineikaizhantaolun，juxingleduocixueshutaolunhui，youshijiuzaidashitanglitaolun，tingzhongyoudezuozaidishang，youdezhanzaizhuozishang，shuiyouhaodeyijiandoukeyitichulai。
helanshanyidongdiqujiangshuijiaoduo，dibiaoshuiziyuanbijiaofengfu，fenbuyouhulunbeiercaoyuan、xilinguoleicaoyuandengdaxingyouzhicaochang
kuangrede、nacuifenzi……xingcunxialaideyezanshibeibianyuanhuale”“zheyangzaizhanlingqudegegelingyuchuxianlexuduokongque，
ruguojiangzhurunongji、lengdong、zhuangxiao、shengwukeji、huanjinggongchengdengfushuchanyejiadieqilai，
zheyu1maodun.
jiuzaichaoxianqihejinchengburushizhixingde“xingdongduixingdong”jieduanzhishi，yiweihanguoguanyuanzaijieshouhanguomeiticaifangshicheng，ruguochaoxianfangmiantongyi，zhong、han、mei、chaosifangkenenghuizai7yuexiaxunzaibeijingjiuchaoxianbandaohepingjinxingsifanghuitan。
zhengfukaifangshujuzhizaigengduodejingjishouyi
qitianweisichen，pianyuzhongqigu。
B.eluosiyumeiguofentingkangli
zhongguoshangwang3500wanyishang
Dyuyinanrongyefashengyanghuafanying、suanhuadedaorouguisuan，
jia、bingshuyuyanghuawu，
C.fenzizhonggeyuanzidouchuzaitongyipingmiannei
liyining(liyiningxinwen)jiaoshouzaizhecibaogaohuishangjiangleqian28tiaohou28tiao，jiaqilai56tiao，tichulegufenzhidelilun，suoyijiao“ligufen”。
zhongdazhanyi
）womendezhexueshi：ruguoxueyuanyaoqiujiaoshoumendadaozheyangdeyaoqiu，namewomenxingzhengshangjiubixugaoxiaodiyunzuo，erbuyunxuguanliaozuofengdecunzai。
zheranglinvshigengjiadanxinle，nandaozhangfuzhendechuleshenmeshi，yushilinvshiganjindaolejiejiejia，xiangrangjiejiebangmangchugezhuyi。
boe。yijiangge。dakeefanyeluo。hengtangzhuhuduoxingle。dadihuarongchuoyue。yichengchunjiulangtongzhuo。zuidaoyingangluomu。
xingshenzhizai，geyiyongzhi。
jiangqiyuqitashujuxiangjiehe，zaigenjuyaobaidinglv，jiukejisuanxingxingxiangguandezhongyaoshuju，ruzhilianghemidudeng。
yonggaidianlutucebuchuliuguodaicedianzudedianliu，
jie：yinweijiujingdenghuomiaojiaoxi，shaopingdimianjijiaoda，bunengfugaizhenggeshaopingdibu，ruguobudianshimianwang，huizaochengshaopingjubushoureguodu，kenenghuidaozhizhalie，yincibixudianshimianwang。
jie：yuanshi(16108)(25104)
jie：yinweicd，suoyicd，ab，
（2）you（1）kezhi，dang1a2huoa10shi，fangchengyoulianggezhenggen.
yongHNO2rongyezuodaodianshiyan，dengpaohenan，shuominggairongyezhonglizinongduhenxiao，danbunengshuomingHNO2bufendianli，suoyibunengzhengmingHNO2shiruodianjiezhi，gucuowu；
lantuyidingkeyishixian，
kejianduishichangdeguzhi，zhuyaoqujueyuzhulideyingliyuqi。
xiangguanyu
Axiangbiaoshushitarenpingjiadetixian，bushuyuziwopingjia，fuhetiyi；ziwoguancha、xierijijiluneixin、miaohuiqingxu、pingjiazijixingwei、hetarenbijiaorenshiziji，zhexiedoushiziwopingjiadejutibiaoxian，guBCDdoushuyuziwopingjia，zhengquedanbufuhetiyi，paichu。gudaanxuanA。
K14d—yaluzangbujiangheguchundongruoyaxing。
guanlichuqingzhushuliang，xianxinggongdaozuigaofang。
3.ApingyuanyuBpingyuandefenjiexianshiwulaershanmai，BpingyuanyuCgaoyuandefenjiexianshiyenisaihe，CgaoyuanyuDshandidefenjiexianshileinahe。
youyanjiuyuanbiaoshi，gangkougushangchuguzhi“wadi”，shangzhangkongjianrengrancunzai。
shuomingshijieshuibiaozhi，
sibianxingOAPBweipingxingsibianxingdangqiejindangxianduanAByuxianduanOPhuxiangpingfen，jixP2xM，
hanshuy()dezhiyushi.
zhijunsizeyi，busihuilingyun。
qiuduijinzairuolvdebijunshenshangquanqusanfen，zheyangdebiaoxianxianrannanyiyuqiuduihaohuazhenrongxiangpipei。
qiuyuerutuanshan。
yitianjuebi，zhixiajiangqianchi。
zhongshixingyiyi，wunaiguoyugong。
jiujingtashuodenajuhuashizhen，najuhuashijia，woyijingbianbuqingchule。
B.diqiubiaomianzhongliwei600Nderen，zaiyueqiubiaomianzhongliwei100N
xutangxiangyingsheng，jiaoyuexingheying。chundaoyexuhai，zhanghongduozititiaogeng。kuangyouguangfengliri，nengxiaojixuefanshuang，qingnvxiuyansheng。fuyaojiebian，qingkantianchifapengxing。renyanqianghan，zhidaokuawenjing。shuinengyaoshunqijun，yuanjiahengsheng。fuguiwusuoziyou，zaixiangshilaizewei，zibufanqujing。yuxunwenhuishimeng，dejiuqiexiangming。
shendu、tianzhu
【zhongnandianfenxi】
jie：1.diqiaozhongdeyuansuanhanliangcongduodaoshaopailiewei：yang、gui、lv、tie、gai……，gutiepaidisiwei，huahewuzhongtiezhuyaodehuahejiawei2jiahe3jia。
【zhishidian】『yiweixiaoshudejiafahejianfa』
ruguotamenmeiyouyudaodayu，qiyihaihuibaofama？
zhongmeiguanxizhengchanghua
zaichengzhangdeguochengzhong，dangdedaolaoshihuofumudekuajiangshi，womenhuifeichanggaoxing；dangxuexichengjimingxiantuibushi，womenhuigandaoyouchou；dangmianlinweijiqingkuangshi，womenhuijingkong；dangyudaolingrenshengqideshiqingshi，womenhuifennu……zheyiqiedoushuoming（）
santiaozhixiangongdian；
（1）shuominglewoguozhongshiyifazhilihuanjing，tuijinshengtaiwenmingjianshe。
ABzheyishijianbaokuosizhongjieguo，jichaoshangyimiandedianshushi1，2，3，5gongsizhongqingkuang，
tongsujiaoyuyushehuijiaoyuchubufazhan；tuidongleguominsuzhiditigao
jie：xiatian，liangzaiyangguangxiadeshiyifuhenkuaibiangan，yifushangdeshuifenbianchengleshuizhengqi，shuyuqihuaxianxiang。guxuanB。
2005nianmo，zhongguoyuyilangqianshuleyixiangjiazhi1000yimeiyuandeshiyouhezuoxieyi，chengweigaiguozhongyaodeshiyoumaoyihuoban。
jie：zidanzaishuzhixiangshangfeixing，ruotashoudaodeyiqiewailitongshixiaoshi，jiangyanshuzhifangxiangzuoyunsuyundong，Bzhengque，ACDcuowu。
jiekede4a0.
jiajiachengxiazhaohunzang。furenyiyiziyufu，tongjupinjianxinyishu。
zhonggongzhongyang、guowuyuangongtonglvxingzuzhijingjijianshedezhineng
gaizhuangzhishiyuandianchi，
kede（2，1，1）weipingmianPBDdeyigefaxiangliang，
zayongbashoushanglibulishilanggujian
zhengquedaanweiB。
【xinwenzhailu】
zhanshuangchaoshixue，jiangwuwanchengyun。xiangchubaozhongwang，bayongfanglufen。
qijiangliexiangchengnanyu，larisheshaqiannianhu。wolaisaiwaianbianchu，
haodebangyangzhaoshizhezuoren、zuoshidejibentaidu
woxinshangbei，mozhiwoai。
（2）yanhaizhongdiweidu
jie：youtiyikezhizhixian（R）dezhijiaozuobiaofangchengwei：xy0，
di3gexianquanshibuhege，
fangpaoxiangyindaolonghua，zhicekaijinlubushe。faweiyitongxiangjihui，
（3）gaotiesuanjia（K2FeO4）nengzuoxiaodujiyuxuningji，tashajunshihuishengchengqingyanghuatiejiaozhuangwu。gaotiesuanjiazhongtieyuansudehuahejiashi。
yaoubankuaiyuyinduyangbankuai、taipingyangbankuai
xingqiyi
《jianmingshijielishidaquan》zai：“bazhichengpincongouzhouyundaofeizhou，banulicongfeizhouyundaomeizhou，zaibazhongzhiyuanchanpincongmeizhouyunhuiouzhou。”zheduixioujingjifazhandezuidazuoyongshi（）
C.gaifanyingdezhengfanyingshifangrefanying，shenggaowendupinghengxiangnifanyingfangxiangyidong，yizhileeryanghualiudezhuanhua，suoyieryanghualiudezhuanhualvjiangdi，gucuowu；
jidongluerzhizi
【jietifangfatishi】
shixianjiangfeikuozhang，
zhongguozibenzhuyimengya
ruohanshuf(x)dedingyiyuweiR，zeadequzhifanweishi（）
（2）ruguoyichushenggaoerjiachujiangdi，shuomingzhuangzhineideyaqiangzengda，jiehezhuangzhikezhishiXheYhunhehoufangre，shizhuangzhiwendushenggaozaochengde，suoyilv；na；yanghuagaihuoguoyanghuana；qingyanghuana（qitahelidaanyeke）。
dingzhongfanyingzhijiandejiechumianjida，
shangpinjingjifazhanhezibenzhuyidechuxian
cuiexiudaiqierenkan。yanshuangwan。leitoudan。qiejinyizun，shouleichangyangguan。mandaodichengtianyangyuan，tianyijian，jianjunnan。huatangxinjujingushan。qulangan。weishuian。feixuluohua，chunseshumingnian。yuzhaoxiaozhouxunjiushi，wuchuwen，shuiliantian。
（1）Bfenzizhonghanyoudeguannengtuanmingchengshi。
C.huaxueneng
ziziwen
cuozhejuyoushuangchongxing；cailiaobushejiguihuarenshengcujinlixiangdeshixian，
xiuzhenwanyuan。
huangfuqingshi，fanweisitu。
qidianzijiankongxitonghewurenfeijiyumeiguoyoushendudejishujiaohuan，
jie：duibijinshuhuodongxingqiangruoguanxiyurenleiliyongjinshudexianhou，keyifaxianrenleishiyongjiaozaodejinshu，qihuodongxingjiaoruo；jiehexuexizhongduijinshutie、lvdeyelianderenshi，kezhi：jinshuhuodongxingyueqiang，jinshudeyeliannanyichengduyuenan，zheyeyingxianglerenleiduijinshudeshiyong，qitayinsujunyushiyongdeqianhoushunxuwuguan。
【zhishidian】『xiaoshudejia、jian、chenghunheyunsuan』
B.nulixuyaojianchi
（4）yizhi50shi，c(MnO4)～fanyingshijiantdebianhuaquxianrutu。ruobaochiqitatiaojianbubian，qingzaizuobiaotuzhong，huachu25shic(MnO4)～tdebianhuaquxianshiyitu。
you2gecelianweiCH3、CH2OOCH，
D.zhongguoren
1.jushangtuzhong、tutuiduan，woguodongjiqiwenfenbudetedianshi（）
Bxiang，zaigongyegemingqijian，jingjikuaisufazhanyilaiyukexuejishudejinbu。guBxiangcuowu。
EFshiABCdezhongweixian，
wusiyundongdiyijieduan
dangbizhexiawuzaicilaidaoguibinloujiudianshi，faxianxuejianingdefengtianxiaojipuyijingbujianle，nandaotahuishanghailema？
genjuwanyouyinlidinglvFG，
“fangwujulieyaodong，tongxuemenlijishusan！”
timuzhongde《qinziqiyue》，shijiatingwenhuadeyibufen，duiyuhaizidejiankangchengzhangjuyouzhongyaozuoyong，youliyuxingchengminzhuhexiedejiatingfenwei。Cshuofazhengque，fuhetiyi。ADcailiaozhongmeiyoutixian；Bshuofacuowu，qinziqiyueyuqinzijiandingwuguan。guxuanC。
Pb2nongdujiangdi，
rendeshenfenshitongguojiatingguanxiquedingde
B.shiaidepengzhuang，shichengzhangzhongnanyihuibidewenti
fengheximeijiqiongzhouyangsheren
(1)diqiaobiandongdezhuyaoxingshichudizhenzhiwaihaiyou。
【tishi】『CMGyuAGMshizhixianAB、CDbeiCMsuojiexingchengdeyizu『tongpangneijiao』.』
qizhongduishixinbeizhixingren（laolai）delianhechengjiecuoshiduoda100duoxiang，
2dejueduizhishi，tadedaoshushi.
qiantishitongyigewuti，
nvlangzhidianxingrenxiao，zhixianghuajianluyimi。
xiaowangqieyunzhen，yechoujinghesheng。qiqizhisongjiao，haohaoruqinjing。
suoyiyujiaodiandejizuobiaowei，.
songwangxianshengguinanshan
meiniansanbaikuaizanzhushanquchuoxueertong。
tuoyuandeyoujiaodianwei（4，0）.
chenmianwushibifengtao，yidoushuanglinhuanzhuolao。
minzhujizhongzhishirenmindaibiaodahuideyuanze，
yeheqifeiwuyuanjin，daoliangduochushienshen。
tuzhongsididuiyingdeqihouleixingyicishi（）
meiguoshishisixingdeshuliangjuquanqiudiliu，
lingwai，jinliangnian，meitankaicaiwaibuchengbenneibuhua，daozhizhengcexingchengbenzengjia，tigaolemeitanchengben。
zhangxiaogangzebiaoshi，zouchuqudenandukendingyou，baokuoaozhouzaineidehenduoguojiadouhuiyouzijideguize，xiangxinzhongguoqiye(baokuozhonglvzaishougoulituogufenshi)douhuianzhaosuozaiguofalvheguojizibenshichangguizecaozuo，ruguoduifangdeguizehefalvdoudedaozunshou，namezhezhongshougouhezouchuquzewukehoufei。
jiafuqiangzhu
guCfuheshiji；D、nanzibaimishijiejilulvedayu10ms，
B.qinchaoxingfacanku，shehuihunluan
jiawanranshaochanwushieryanghuatanheshui，
qiangxiangguanyu
B.baoheNa2SO4rongyehuonongxiaosuanjunkeshidanbaizhirongyechanshengchendian，danyuanlibutong
（2）kaolvdaodaicedianyuanzhiyouyijiegandianchi，suoyidianyabiaoyingxuanC；shiyanzhongdianliujiaoxiao，yibanbuchaoguo0.5A，guweilezhunqueceliang，dianliubiaoyingxuanA，huadongbianzuqibunengxuanzetaidadezuzhi，congyunxuzuidadianliuhejianxiaoshiyanwuchalaikan，yingxuanzedianzujiaoxiaoeredingdianliujiaodadehuadongbianzuqi，huadongbianzuqiyingxuanE；
polaxuejiqiancun。
【zhishidian】『yibanxingshidekexibudengshi』
shuomingshiyifenjiedewuzhi（huoyishenghua）nengyubuyifenjiedewuzhifenli，
zhegutian
li18：wozhongyudengshanglehunqianmengyingdehuangshan，qisongyishi、liuyunfeipuwanranzaimu，lingrenzantanbuyi。
erduiyurendeanquandianyalaishuoshibugaoyu36V，
zuimaoyinbianhuabuzhu，quezhaohuagongshangliang。renshenghebizuiweixiang。congjiaozhenjiuqian，xiugengheshimang。yidoubaipianfengyuedi，raotalaozidangxing。congjinsanwanliuqianchang。qingqingtoushangfa，haizuoliusizhang。
zaigenjubiaogedeshujukekanchu，bolieriniefuzhizhenghouqi，gongnongyezongchanzhihouqizengzhangfali，biaomingsulianshouzhiyugaodujizhongdejihuajingjifazhanmoshi，jingjigaigexianrukunjing。
xuanzuiyanjin，yousiluanxu。
jijicanjiashehuishijian，
gengdiaofangziyi，hushangqubukong。
herenwanlinengxiangyi，tongshexianlangyuwaixiong。
tongguoxianchangkanchahaidechuyigejielun，zuoandeyinggaishiyigeren，gezigao，youxieyin，zhiwenbumingxian。
“jingguoduishijian、changjingyijigaixianyirendemianbubiaoqing，keyizhunqueduanding，tajiushigaiandexiongshou！”
hanzaizijiu，yiqixianzai
wanyuxiaoyouzai，xiaoliaojiqianjie。xingxingmanshuaibin，genggengruqiuhuai。
【zhishidian】『yongkongjianxiangliangqiuzhixianyupingmiandejiajiao』
baiwanxiongshiguodajiang”zhongde“zhongshan”zhinanjing，
rushiguliaoliuluojin，lurenchouchangjianlingguang。
diyicishijiedazhanhou：yiguojiaweichengchuduixiang；diercishijiedazhanhou：zengjialeduizhanfangeren（jizuzhideng）dechengfa。
guABcuowu；CD、congtuxiangshangtuxiansuoweimianjikeyikanchut0zhiqianjiadeweiyizongxiaoyuyideweiyi，
danzaidianranshiquekeyianjingderanshao，chanshengcangbaisedehuoyan；
MySpacezhongwenwangzhanyouMySpacezhongguoyunying。
meiyigebaobaodoushiduyiwuerde，bamaqianwanbuyaonabierendebaobaohuaduojiudexunlianshijianhechengduyuzijidebaobaoxiangbijiao，yebubiguofendanxin，zhiyaoyiyigelianghaodeqinziguanxiweijichu，caiyongwuyalidexunlianfangfa，jiukeyizhujianbangzhubaobaowanchengxunlianshiqitashangchenggongzhilu。
jieshubiaozhi
chengqundeyeyafeilaiqixi，fanzhihoudai。hupozhouweichangyougouxiong、yemaoniu、yelv、yanyang、huli、zhangzi、hantadengyeshengdongwuqiju，huzhongshengchangaoyuandexilinyuhewulinyulei，huquhaichanchongcao、beimu、xueliandengmingguiyaocai。
mianjidadeludishidalu，mianjixiaodeludiweidaoyu，ludishenjinhaiyangdetuchubufenjiaobandao，mianjiguangkuoyuanlidaludeshuiyushiyang，mianjijiaoxiaokaojinludideshuiyushihai，goutonglianggehaiyangzhijiandexiazhaishuidaoshihaixia，daluhefujindaoyulianheqilaishidazhou；
dianluzhongdedianzuzhujianjianxiao，
guCcuowu；D、zhihuanfanyingdoushiyanghuahaiyuanfanying，
zaihuaxuefanyingguochengzhongduishaobeijiqizhongdeshengyuwujinxinglewucichengliang，jilushujuruxiabiao:（jiashefanyingyunsujinxing，zazhiburongyushui，yebuyuxiyansuanfanying，shaobeidezhiliangwei25g。
guezhengque；guxuanabce。
youyizhongwutaideng，waixingshizhengliulengzhu，zaiqimeiyigecemian（bianhaowei）shanganzhuang5zhiyansegeyidedeng，jiashemeizhidengzhengchangfaguangdegailvwei.ruoyigecemianshangzhishaoyou3zhidengfaguang，zebuxuyaogenghuanzhegemian，fouzexuyaogenghuanzhegemian，jiadinggenghuanyigemianxuyao100yuan，yongbiaoshigenghuandemianshu，yongbiaoshigenghuanfeiyong.
qiongshenpenglaisijiuyin，puchuangchuanhuxiaomingmeng。
zuoguyoupanshengguanghui。shishipuzaijinmenli，daizhaogongcheyetianzi。
haiyouxiaoyuantaolizai，liuhuabufadailanggui。
da：dangBEzhangwei1fenmishi，zhejuanchengdebaozhuanghederongjiwei（4）lifangfenmi
jie：rutusuoshi，
wendaotangzhouzuiqingjing，zhanchanggengjinyehuaxi。
tongshi，《zanxingbanfa》haimingqueguiding，duihangkonggongsiqudeshikehoudeshiyongqingkuangdejiandu：hangkonggongsiduiyijingshenqingdehangbanshikeshiyonglvbunengdadao80shi，jiangzaixiayixiangtonghangjishiqulishishikeyouxianquan，shiyonglvbunengdadao80deshike，jiangbeishouhui。
（2）nanjidiqudeqihoutedianshikuhan、ganzao、duokuangfeng；nanjidiqudenuanjishi11yuedaociniande2yue；beijidiqubinanjidiquqiwengao，jiangshuiduo，fengsuxiao；
【tishi】『xxshi，x『2』x，dairuxy20jisuan.』
shishiriqi
fenzibianda，
C.bushishangpin，yinweitamenmeiyoushiyongjiazhi
rutu，zhixiana，bbeizhixiancsuojie，1yu2deweizhiguanxishi（）
qingchunyujinjihuanxiang，zisaininglunshangyoushuang。
jie：youtiyizhibentishiyigegudiangaixing，
2jiaoyiquerenyihou，zhizuowaimaohetong。
C、youjinshuguangzedejingtibuyidingshijinshujingti，rujingtidian，jingtigui，guCcuowu；
（2）shangshushiyanzhongbaohetansuannarongyedezuoyongshi。
（3）qingjieheshenghuoshiji，jianyaotantannidasuanruhejianxingchengxin?（lianggefangmianjike。）
cailiaosanshihuangyue：“tianxiagongkuzhandoubuxiu，yiyouhouwang。laizongmiao，tianxiachuding，youfuliguo，shishubingye。erqiuqiningxi，qibunanzai！”tingweiyishi。
xiaoshizuozhanchongdie，honglushoutanjiaojia。yizhicunjiuxiliuxia。chuangwaihanweikepa。xinzaipanzhouzhongliu，yankanmixuefeihua。yinbeigaodaibusuiche。jiangshangyusuonanhua。
chuangxinkeyiweijingjifazhankaipigengweiguangkuodelaodongduixiang。
guAcuowu；nansongshiqicaichuxianmianfangzhijishu，
tangzhoushan
【zhishidian】『zhengshuhefushu』
jie：wuyingdengshijiangruogangefaguangqiangduhendadedengzaidengpanshangpaichengqiuguanzhuangxing，xingchengyigequyujiaodadeguangyuan，ruoyigedengzhaobudaodequyu，qitadengnengzhaodao，suoyibuhuiyouyingzi。guxuanB。
guhanshuy（0x）dezuixiaozhiwei1.
C.qianrushuizhongdeqianshuiting，qianshuiyueshen，suoshoudefulijiuyueda
zheshiduyisibaogongxibairenduoguandeliwu，dongshihuizhuxihaiermixijiangxianhuasonggeilebairendejinglihuoneisi，zhuhebairenyingdeguanjun，tongshikaenyeshoudaoleyishuxianhua，biaodaleduyisibaorenduikaendejingyi，zherangbisaiqifenxiandefeichangyouhao。
gudengpaoliangduzhujianbianda。
zhenzhengdeshiye，shiwei“tianxiazhimin”deliyierzuo，zhecaishiduishengminggengshencengcidezhuiqiu。
woguoxianjieduandejibenjingjizhidushi（）
（1）【】wuxubianfagaiweiyangwuyundong。
shuochunizijidexingming、xingbie、nianling、zhuzhi、lianxidianhua。
jie：kejiangyuanshuhuawei，，，，，
liyongqianwangjingkeyizaishuixiaguanchadaoshuimianshangdewuti，qingnizaituzhongdezhijiaoguanzhonghuashanglianggepingmianjing，gouchengyigejianyiqianwangjing，binghuachurenyannengkandaoanshangjingwushiguangchuanbodelujing。
huahewuNH3yuBF3keyitongguopeiweijianxingchengNH3BF3，xialieshuofazhengquedeshi（）
yin、yangliangjishengchengdeqitidewuzhidiliangzhibishi2:1，
【zongdan】shuizhizongdandecedingjianxingguoliusuanjiaxiaojieziwaifenguangguangdufa》GBT118941989
jie：biheS，duankaiS1shi，dianluweiR1dejiandandianlu，youIkezhi，dianyuandedianya：UU1I1R10.3A206V；ruozaibiheS1shi，liangdianzubinglian，zeU2U6V，dianliubiaoshishudebianhualiangjiweiR2zhiludedianliu，zeI20.2A，youIkezhi，R230。
wuzhidiyongtuyouwuzhidixingzhijueding，xialiejinshuzhipinqixingzhijuedingyongtubuduiyingdeshi（）
cailiaoqiangdiaozibenzhuyiqinlvedekeguanjinbuxing。zibenzhuyideruqinzaikeguanshangchuanbolexianjindesixiangheshengchanfangshi，cujinleluohoudiqudejinbu。yingguotongguo《nanjingtiaoyue》dakaizhongguoshichang，shizhongguozhujianrongruzibenzhuyishijieshichang，tixianchuzibenzhuyiqinlvedekeguanjinbuxing。
jie：pweizhenshi，2a10，jia，
guABCcuowu。
xiangyuepengzhongheyingyiyangfei。
【jietisiludianbo】
zairenjijiaowangzhong，womenxuyaoliaojiezijideqingxu，jieshoutamen，bingxuehuiyiqiadangdefangshibiaodachulai。
hualiankaihandan，jingyukecanyan。shuangqilinzhoudao，languangruhanguan。
linsengsuiyuezhihexing，haishizhigongjianxiegong。
C.zilidenengli
bentikaochashijierenkoudefenbudengzhishidian，shujikebenzhishidianjiedajike。
gu6gemianzhongqiahaoyou2gemianxuyaogenghuandegailv
640.9（jingquedaogewei）.
jie：A、youjinshuwaikedeyongdianqibixushiyongsanxianchatou，
fazhankeju，zhongyonghanmen
yizhiyuandejiankaixiandecanshufangchengshi（weicanshu）zecijiankaixianduiyingdejiyuandezhouchangshi（）
meishanlao。
bingliderixue，fanweichouguotu。zhijingouzucan，shangyunishaju。
A.lizihuanyuanxing：ClBr
（3）congtongpianliuxiangxinpian。
yetixianggegefangxiangdeyaqiangdaxiaoxiangdeng。
suyuyuhoulaishouxianyuanshuaijunxiande10renshitongjide。
shuyuhuaxuebianhua，
lingf()0，jiede5huo3，jijuzhenAdetezhengzhiwei5he3.
（1）genjushijianxinxi1500nian，jicailiaozhongdezibenzhuyicongouzhouxiangwaijiedechuanbo，kelianxidaoshijieshichangxiangguanzhishi，yincizhejianshiweixinhanglukaipi。guanyutadetedian，zhuyaoyouyixiajidian：maoyizhongxinzhuanyidaodaxiyangyanan，yiouzhouweizhongxin，shijieshichangdechuxingkaishichuxian。
D.renkouzengzhangxunsu，renjungengdimianjishao
1.mianduimoshengrenqiaomen，zhanglinyinggaitigaojingti，yaoyoufangfanyishi，yincibunenggeimoshengrenkaimen。
weijisuanfn1(2)，dang1，2，…，ndepailiejiqinixushuquedinghou，jiangn1tianjiajinyuanpailie，n1zaixinpailiezhongdeweizhizhinengshizuihousangeweizhi，
dian（，1）huaweijizuobiaowei（2，）.
zhongdongzhisuoyibeichengzuoshijieshiyoubaoku，shiyinweigaidiqushishijieshangshiyouchuliangzuida、shengchanheshuchushiyouzuiduodediqu；
gurongzhizhiliangfenshuyebubian，
D.foudingjiaohuangdequanwei
jie：yinweix，yR*，
jie：（1）yinweiv，
（3）ruguofenbiebaA、B、Cfangzai100gshuizhongpeicheng40shidebaoherongye，zailengquedao10，xichujingtizuiduodeshi，meiyoujingtixichudeshi。
D.qiangdiaosangangwuchang
D.yehuashixishoudaliangdere
D.shangpinjingjifada
